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KULLMER  *  CABEEN 


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GIFT   OF 
Louis   J.    O'Brien 
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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/francefrenchcompOOkullrich 


FRANCE 

A  French  Composition  Book 

With  Sketch  Maps 

"The  Roofed  Square-Paris  Method " 

by 


C.J. 

KULLMER, 

and 

Ph.  D. 

c.  w. 

CABEEN,  D 

r.  de  l'U. 

Professors  in  Syracuse 

University 

• 
>    > 

J        5     a 

*      1       ♦       *        j  1 

1 

• 

SYRACUSE,  N.  Y. 

KRAMER  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

1914 


, ,,  I 


Copyrighted,  1914 

by 

C.  J.  KULLMER 

Reprints  only  with  permission 


PC  3~l  I 


■    .        <     <  <    ,      «   - 


Contents 

Page 

Introduction   4 

Specimen  Student  Theme 5 

The  Principal  Rivers 6 

The  Most  Noted  Mountains 8 

The  French  Language 10 

The  Boundary  Lands 12 

Climate  Map 14 

The  Principal  Cities 16 

The  Principal  Old  Provinces 18 

Places  of  Literary  Interest 20 

The  Heart  of  Paris 22 

The  Environs  of  Paris 24 

The  Density  of  Population 26 

Famous  Resorts 28 

Science  and  Invention 30 

The  Principal  Railway  Routes 32 

Economic  Map 34 

The  University  Cities  and  Educational  Districts 36 

The  Departments.     The  26  Not  Named  after  Rivers.  38 

The  Departments.     The  61  Named  after  Rivers 40 

Roman  France 42 

An  Ideal  Summer  Trip  Through  France 44 

Glossary 45-48 


M247599 


Introduction 

Just  after  the  text  of  this  book  had  been  completed,  the  news 
of  the  outbreak  of  the  great  European  war  arrived;  it  is,  there-, 
fore,  uncolored  by  the  emotions  of  the  present  struggle.  Im- 
pending events  will  add  a  new  chapter,  but  they  can  make  few 
changes  in  the  maps  and  the  text  here  presented. 

This  method  of  drawing  a  sketch  map  of  France  is  called 
"The  Roofed  Square — Paris  Method,"  Paris  being  situated  under 
the  peak  of  the  roof  on  the  upper  line  of  the  square.  Few  peo- 
ple would  feel  confident  of  their  ability  to  draw  a  correct  map  of 
France,  yet  anyone  is  able  to  draw  with  all  necessary  accuracy 
the  roofed  square  which  is  used  as  the  foundation  of  our  map;  to 
fill  in  the  boundary  line  then  is  merely  a  matter  of  remembering 
a  few  simple  relations. 

This  map  might  be  called  the  "one  minute  map,"  since  after 
some  practice  it  takes  less  than  sixty  seconds  to  draw  the  roofed 
square  and  to  fill  in  the  boundary  line  and  the  four  main  rivers 
(which  should  always  be  drawn).  "Learn  by  doing."  Draw  the 
map  from  memory  several  times,  using  squares  of  different  sizes 
and  comparing  your  sketch  each  time  with  the  original. 

Pay  especial  attention  to  three  things:  1.  The  peak  of  the 
roof  is  up  from  Paris  three-quarters  of  the  distance  from  the 
side  of  the  square  to  Paris;  2.  Lake  Geneva,  on  the  eastern  line, 
is  down  two-fifths  of  the  height  of  the  square;  3.  the  peninsula 
of  Brittany  projects  out  not  quite  one-third  of  the  width  of  the 
square. 

Each  exercise  is  composed  of  a  map,  which  is  accompanied  by 
a  short  English  comment  to  stimulate  interest  and  study.  After 
studying  the  map,  draw  it  quickly  a  number  of  times  from  mem- 
ory, noting  errors  and  omissions  by  comparison  with  the  origi- 
nal. Next  translate  the  French  text  and  prepare  the  answers  to 
the  questions,  which  are  based  mostly  on  the  French  comment. 
Finally  prepare  the  written  exercise,  using  the  specimen  student 
theme  as  a  model;  draw  the  map  accurately  and  translate  the 
composition,  using  the  French  text  above  as  a  model  and  as  the 
source  of  vocabulary. 

Neat  and  clear  effects  can  be  obtained  by  drawing  the  roofed 
square  and  the  heavy  boundary  line  with  jet  black  drawing  ink, 
the  rivers  with  bluish  ink  and  the  special  subject  matter  of  the 
map  with  red  ink.  The  boundary  line  should  always  be  made 
heavy.  The  map  on  page  30  gives  a  more  accurate  boundary 
line,  including  all  the  twists  and  turns  not  covered  by  the  broad 
line  used.  This  shows  the  accuracy  of  our  boundary  line,  simple 
as  it  is. 


SPECIMEN   STUDENT   THEME 


Bruxelles 


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Tan  n. 


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EXERCISE  1 


«    «    C     {    t 


•         c 
r  ,  ,  c 


=  Canal 


The  Principal  Rivers 

France  has  four  principal  river  systems.  The  Seine,  the 
Loire  and  the  Garonne,  that  drain  four-fifths  of  the  entire  coun- 
try and  empty  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the  Rhone  emptying 
into  the  Mediterranean.  The  Loire,  navigable  for  512  miles,  is 
the  longest  river  and  has  the  largest  drainage  basin.  The 
Rhone  rises  in  Mt.  St.  Gotthard  in  Switzerland  and  flows 
through  the  beautiful  Lake  Geneva  (Lac  Leman),  which  forms 
32  miles  of  the  French  frontier. 

A  smaller  river,  the  Dordogne,  unites  with  the  Garonne  and 
forms  the  inlet-like  river  called  the  Gironde.  The  Moselle  and 
the  Meuse  rise  in  France;  the  former  is  a  tributary  of  the  Rhine 
and  the  Meuse  flows  through  Belgium  and  Holland  and  empties 
into  the  North  Sea.  Lakes  are  few  and  insignificant,  but  there 
are  many  canals,  the  chief  ones  being  marked  on  the  map. 

6 


Quatre  grands  fleuves  (le  Rhone,  la  Garonne,  la  Loire,  la 
Seine),  de  nombreux  canaux  qui  les  lient  entre  eux,  quelques 
fleuves  cotiers,  et  enfin  quelques  lacs  d'une  importance  minime 
constituent  le  regime  des  eaux  de  la  France. 

La  pente  generale  du  pays  dirige  la  plupart  de  ses  eaux  vers 
l'Atlantique  tandis  que  le  versant  du  cote  de  la  Mediterranee  en 
regoit  le  restant. 

De  ces  fleuves  le  Rhone  est,  a  quelques  egards,  le  plus  in- 
teressant.  II  prend  sa  source  en  Suisse  dans  le  glacier  qui  porte 
son  nom,  coule  presque  torrentiel  vers  l'Ouest  et  se  jette  dans  le 
lac  Leman  (lac  de  Geneve)  d'ou  il  sort  enfin  et  va  se  heurter 
contre  le  pied  des  Cevennes.  Ici  il  tourne  brusquement  vers  le 
Sud  pour  meler  bientot  ses  eaux  a  celles  de  son  principal  afflu- 
ent, la  Saone.  C'est  en  cette  position  avantageuse  qu'a  ete  batie 
la  ville  de  Lyon,  deja  considerable  aux  temps  des  Romains.  Le 
Rhone  se  jette  dans  la  Mediterranee  apres  un  cours  de  860  kil. 

La  Gironde  est  le  long  estuaire  de  la  Garonne,  elargie  apres 
sa  reunion  avec  la  Dordogne.  La  Loire,  fleuve  le  plus  long  de  la 
France,  prend  sa  source  dans  les  Cevennes,  coule  vers  l'Ouest, 
arrose  la  Touraine,  le  "jardin  de  la  France,"  et  se  jette  dans 
l'Atlantique  apres  un  cours  de  980  kil.  La  Seine  est  un  fleuve  de 
plaine  et  son  bassin  draine  la  partie  nord-est  de  la  France.  Elle 
prend  sa  source  dans  la  Cote  d'Or  et  se  jette  dans  la  Manche. 
Ses  principaux  affluents  sur  la  rive  droite  sont  la  Marne  et  l'Oise. 

Questions 

1.  Combien  de  grands  fleuves  y  a-t-il  en  France?  2.  Com- 
bien  de  ces  fleuves  se  jettent-ils  dans  l'ocean  Atlantique?  3. 
Dans  quelle  direction  coule  le  Rhone?  4.  Sur  quel  fleuve  la 
ville  de  Paris  est-elle  situee?  5.  Lequel  de  ces  fleuves  a  le  plus 
grand  bassin?  6.  Quels  fleuves  sont  lies  par  des  canaux?  7. 
Quels  fleuves  se  reunissent  pour  former  la  Gironde?  8.  Y  a-t-il 
beaucoup  de  grands  lacs  en  France?  9.  Comment  s'appelle  l'an- 
cienne  province  de  Touraine? 

Composition 

There  are  four  large  rivers  in  France.  Three  of  these  rivers 
flow  towards  the  west  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  but  the  Mediter- 
ranean receives  the  waters  of  the  Rhone.  A  canal  connects  the 
small  coastal  stream,  the  Aude,  with  the  Garonne.  The  Dor- 
dogne mingles  its  waters  with  the  Garonne,  forming  the  long 
estuary,  the  Gironde.  The  great  city  of  Lyons  is  situated  on  the 
Rhone,  where  the  Saone,  its  principal  affluent,  empties  into  the 
torrential  Rhone.  A  glacier  in  Switzerland  is  the  source  of  the 
Rhone.  The  longest  river  in  France  is  the  Loire.  Le  Loir  is  an 
affluent  of  la  Loire.  The  Moselle  takes  its  source  in  the  Vosges 
[mountains],  flows  towards  the  north  and  empties  into  the 
Rhine  (le  Rhin). 

7 


EXERCISE  2 


The  Most  Noted  Mountains 

With  the  exception  of  the  Belgian  frontier  France  is  pro- 
tected on  all  sides  by  strong  natural  boundaries,  either  of  water 
or  of  mountains.  In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  mountains 
lie  in  the  south  and  east,  and  the  land  slopes  off  toward  the 
northwest,  with  a  succession  of  mountain,  highland  and  plain. 
In  this  feature  France  resembles  both  England  and  Germany, 
where,  however,  the  slope  is  in  another  direction. 

The  Pyrenees  form  a  natural  political  and  language  boundary 
between  France  and  Spain,  and  the  Alps  a  similar  boundary 
separating  France  from  Italy.  The  Jura  Mountains  and  Lake 
Geneva  lie  on  the  Swiss  frontier.  The  heart  of  Southern  France 
is  occupied  by  the  Cevennes  and  the  Auvergne  Mountains. 
Mount  Blanc  in  the  Alps  is  the  highest  peak  in  France.  The 
mountains  and  hills  are  mostly  forest-covered,  in  fact  one- 
sixth  of  France  is  occupied  by  forests. 

8 


Le  fait  le  plus  marquant  du  sol  frangais  c'est  le  contraste  qui 
existe  entre  l'altitude  de  la  partie  nord  et  celle  du  sud.  La  partie 
sud  s'eleve  a  une  altitude  moyenne  de  plus  de  500  m.  et  comprend 
a  peu  pres  un  tiers  de  la  surface  du  pays,  tandis  que  la  partie 
nord  se  porte  a  une  altitude  de  moins  de  200  m.  Les  Ardennes, 
plateau  boise  plutot  que  chaine  de  montagnes,  s'etendent  jusqu'en 
Belgique;  ses  forets,  deja  celebres  au  temps  de  Cesar,  existent 
encore  aujourd'hui.  Les  Vosges  sont  une  chaine  de  montagnes 
entre  le  Rhin  et  la  Moselle. 

Le  Jura  constitue  une  barriere  entre  la  France  et  la  Suisse. 
Les  Alpes  sont  le  systeme  de  montagnes  le  plus  important  de 
l'Europe.  Elles  s'etendent  dans  une  direction  curviligne  jusqu'a 
Vienne.  Le  Mont  Blanc,  le  sommet  le  plus  eleve  de  l'Europe,  se 
dresse  a  une  altitude  de  4,811  metres.  A  l'ouest  du  Rhone  se 
trouvent  les  Cevennes  et  la  region  montagneuse  de  l'Auvergne 
avec  les  pics  celebres  du  Cantal,  du  Mont-Dore  et  du  Puy  de- 
Dome. 

Dans  les  Pyrenees  nous  trouvons  la  frontiere  franchise  et 
espagnole.  De  nombreuses  sources  thermales  attirent  beaucoup 
de  touristes,  comme  le  font  aussi  les  magnifiques  vallees.  C'est 
dans  la  vallee  ou  col  de  Roncevaux  que  perit  Roland,  le  neveu  de 
l'Empereur  Charlemagne.  Cet  evenement  a  ete  commemore 
dans  la  Chanson  de  Roland,  chef-d'oeuvre  de  la  vieille  poesie 
epique  franchise. 

Questions 

1.  Dans  quelle  partie  de  la  France  les  montagnes  se  trouvent- 
elles?  2.  Quelles  en  sont  les  principales  chaines?  3.  Quelle 
est  la  plus  haute  montagne  de  l'Europe?  4.  Quel  est  l'equiva- 
lent  anglais  du  metre?  5.  Dans  quelle  direction  les  Alpes 
s'etendent-elles?  6.  Quelles  montagnes  constituent  une  haute 
barriere  entre  la  France  et  l'Espagne?  7.  Quel  est  le  nom  du 
plateau  boise  situe  sur  la  limite  beige?  8.  Nommez  un  pic  bien 
connu  du  centre  de  la  France. 

Composition 

The  mountains  of  France  are  in  the  south,  the  east  and  in  the 
center  of  the  country.  There  is  a  great  contrast  between  the 
north  and  the  south  of  France;  the  mean  elevation  of  the  south- 
ern part  is  more  than  500  meters,  while  that  of  the  north  is  less 
than  200  meters.  The  forests  of  the  Ardennes  were  famous  even 
at  the  time  of  Caesar.  The  Vosges  [mountains]  form  a  high 
barrier  between  France  and  Germany.  There  are  three  peaks  of 
a  considerable  height  in  the  mountainous  region  of  the  Auvergne, 
but  the  highest  peak  in  France  is  found  in  the  Alps;  it  is  the 
great  Mont  Blanc.  The  valley  of  Roncesvalles  is  well  known  to 
all;  it  was  here  that  Roland  perished  in  778,  an  event  commemo- 
rated in  the  Song  of  Roland. 

9 


EXERCISE  3 


The  French  Language 

After  Caesar's  campaign  58-50  B.  C,  France  belonged  to 
the  Roman  empire;  see  map  of  Roman  Germany  on  page  42. 
In  the  400  years  of  Roman  rule  the  Celtic  Gauls  adopted  the 
Latin  tongue.  French  is,  therefore,  like  Italian,  Spanish,  Portu- 
guese and  Roumanian,  a  direct  descendant  of  the  original  Latin. 

Most  of  the  languages  of  Europe  belong  to  the  Aryan  or 
Indo-European  family  of  languages — as,  for  instance,  all  the 
Germanic,  Slavic  and  Celtic  tongues.  But  not  all  European 
languages  belong  to  this  family;  thus,  Finnish-Hungarian, 
Turkish,  Hebrew  and  the  Basque  language,  which  is  spoken  on 
the  boundary  between  Spain  and  France,  are  entirely  unrelated 
to  the  other  European  languages.  Breton,  spoken  on  the  penin- 
sula of  Brittany  is  a  Celtic  dialect,  related  to  Welsh  and  Gaelic 
(Irish).  Modern  literary  French  developed  from  the  dialects 
marked  on  the  map  "Langue  d'oil"  (old  form  of  oui — yes). 

10 


Les  dialectes  du  Nord  different  a  beaucoup  d'egards  de  ceux 
du  Sud;  sur  la  carte  une  ligne  grasse  indique  la  demarcation 
entre  eux.  Le  frangais  moderne  a  pris  son  origine  dans  la 
langue  d'o'il.  Mais  au  moyen  age,  du  temps  des  croisades  et  de 
la  chevalerie  la  "langue  d'oc"  ou  provengal,  occupait  une  position 
assez  importante  a  cote  de  la  langue  d'o'il.  C'etait  dans  cette 
langue  surtout  qu'on  ecrivait  les  chansons  des  troubadours.  Des 
le  milieu  du  19e  siecle  il  y  a  eu  une  renaissance  provengale. 

La  langue  anglaise  contient  beaucoup  de  mots  empruntes  au 
frangais;  cela  s'explique  en  partie  par  le  fait  que  les  Normands 
conquirent  TAngleterre  en  1066  mais  plus  specialement  par  la 
grande  influence  qu'exerga  la  France  sur  toute  l'Europe  au  moyen 
age.  C'est  de  la  France  comme  centre  que  se  sont  repandus  les 
ideals  de  la  chevalerie  et  avec  eux  la  langue  et  la  litterature  fran- 
gaises.  Plus  tard  encore,  au  17e  et  au  18e  siecles  le  frangais 
devint  la  langue  usuelle  de  la  vie  mondaine  de  l'Europe.  Au  18e 
siecle,  la  dixieme  partie  de  tous  les  livres  imprimes  en  Allemagne 
etait  en  langue  frangaise. 

En  dehors  de  la  France  on  parle  frangais  en  quelques  parties 
de  la  Belgique  et  de  la  Suisse.  On  se  sert  egalement  du  frangais 
sur  une  grande  etendue  de  Test  du  Canada  et  aussi  tres  generale- 
ment  dans  les  colonies  de  l'Afrique.  En  Russie  le  frangais  est  la 
langue  du  beau  monde  et  il  est  de  plus  la  langue  Internationale 
de  la  diplomatic 

Questions 
1.  Quelles  sont  les  deux  pricipales  divisions  de  la  langue 
frangaise?  2.  Laquelle  a  donne  origine  au  frangais  moderne? 
3.  Est-ce  qu'on  emploie  maintenant  le  provengal  dans  la  littera- 
ture? 4.  Comment  peut-on  expliquer  le  fait  que  l'anglais  a 
emprunte  tant  de  mots  au  frangais?  5.  Comment  la  France  a-t- 
elle  pu  exercer  une  si  grande  influence  sur  l'Europe  au  moyen 
age?  6.  Ou  est-ce  qu'on  parle  frangais  en  dehors  de  la  France? 
7.     Pour  quel  emploi  special  est-ce  qu'on  fait  usage  du  frangais? 

Composition 

Many  different  dialects  are  spoken  in  France.  The  language 
of  Northern  France  is  called  the  "langue  d'o'il",  because  the 
affirmative  particle  (la  particule)  was  oil  in  the  north,  but  oc  in 
the  south.  In  the  middle  ages  the  langue  d'oc  was  a  literary 
language.  The  troubadours  wrote  their  songs  in  this  language. 
When  the  Normans  conquered  England  in  1066,  they  made 
t  French  the  language  of  society  in  England.  Later  the  use  of 
French  was  widespread  in  Europe,  and  in  the  18th  century  a 
large  part  of  the  books  printed  in  Germany  were  in  French.  The 
upper  class  of  Russia  speak  French  and  the  language  is  gener- 
ally spoken  in  Western  Switzerland,  Belgium  and  in  part  of 
Canada. 

11 


EXERCISE  4 


G  \£dimbour§ 


WjLETERffi 

S*~  Londres" 


<g(c^r 


enhague 


Berlin  \ 


WSSIE 


ALLEMQNE  \ 


PARI? 


UWCMBQURG 


FRANCE 


?Str«3Sboun* 

\U/SSl 
ITALt 


i 

i 

o   . 
/  Vienne 

AUTRICHE 


Madrid 
ESPA6nT~ 


Corse 


Sardaigne 


0 

0 


Rome* 


A'ser    AFRIQUE™ 


Sicile 


The   Boundary  Lands 

The  map  shows  clearly  the  central  position  of  France  among 
the  great  European  nations.  The  European  capital  cities, 
Copenhagen,  Berlin,  Vienna,  Rome  and  Madrid,  are  grouped 
around  Paris  almost  on  a  circle  (marked  on  the  map).  France 
has  almost  exactly  the  same  area  as  Germany,  is  slightly  larger 
than  Spain  and  is  almost  twice  as  large  as  the  British  Isles 
or  Italy.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  and  northeast  by  five  coun- 
tries, the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  the  little  grand  duchy  of  Luxem- 
burg, the  German  Empire,  the  Swiss  Republic  and  the  kingdom 
of  Italy. 

The  Island  of  Corsica,  famous  as  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon, 
is  a  part  of  France.  Outside  of  Europe  France  has  extensive 
colonies,  which  cover  an  area  of  more  than  four  million  square 
miles,  mostly  in  Africa.  One  colony,  the  African  island  Mada- 
gascar, is  larger  than  all  France.  Algiers  is  the  principal  city 
of  the  African  colonies. 

12 


Remarquez  d'abord  la  position  centrale  de  la  France  entre  les 
nations  de  l'Europe.  Ses  limites  se  composent  de  terre  et  de 
mer  en  des  proportions  presque  egales,  mais  malgre  son  long 
littoral  elle  possede  comparativement  tres  peu  de  ports.  La 
Manche,  a  l'endroit  ou  elle  se  trouve  la  plus  etroite,  c.  a.  d.  entre 
Douvres  et  Calais,  n'a  que  39  km.  de  largeur.  (Un  mille  anglais 
equivaut  a  1.6  km.)  Depuis  longtemps  les  ingenieurs  civils  ont 
desire  faire  construire  a  ce  lieu  un  tunnel  sous  la  Manche,  mais 
les  Anglais  ont  toujours  eu  la  profonde  conviction  qu'un  tunnel 
detruirait  leur  insularite  et  par  consequent  ils  n'en  ont  point 
voulu. 

Remarquez  l'etendue  tres  limitee  de  la  frontiere  franco- 
allemande.  La  ville  de  Strasbourg,  qui  forme  maintenant  partie 
de  l'Allemagne,  a  appartenu  a  la  France  de  1681  a  1870,  epoque 
ou  avec  L'Alsace-Lorraine  elle  a  ete  annexee  par  l'Em- 
pire  allemand.  Le  territoire  perdu  dans  la  guerre  franco- 
prussienne  (1870-71)  est  indique  sur  la  carte.  En  outre  cette 
guerre  a  eu  pour  resultat  l'unification  des  divers  etats  allemands 
et  la  formation  de  l'empire  allemand  d'aujourd'hui.  Cette  lutte  a 
eveille  egalement  en  France  la  conscience  de  sa  solidarite  et  a 
amene  l'es.tablissement  de  la  republique. 

Les  colonies  frangaises  de  l'Afrique  ont  une  superficie  vingt 
fois  plus  grande  que  celle  de  la  mere  patrie  et  il  est  probable 
qu'en  ce  qui  concerne  l'administration  la  France  l'emporte  sur 
toutes  les  autres  nations  colonisatrices. 

Questions 

1.  La  France,  quelle  position  avantageuse  occupe-t-elle  parmi 
les  nations  de  l'Europe?  2.  Quelle  proportion  subsiste  entre 
les  eaux  et  les  terres  limitrophes  de  la  France?  3.  A  quel 
endroit  la  Manche  se  trouve-t-elle  au  plus  etroit?  Quelle  est  sa 
largeur  a  ce  point?  4.  Pourquoi  les  Anglais  ont-ils  souleve  des 
objections  contre  la  construction  d'un  tunnel  sous  la  Manche? 

5.  Quels  ont  ete  les  resultats  de  la  guerre  franco-prussienne? 

6.  Pendant  combien  de  temps  la  ville  de  Strasbourg  resta-t-elle 
sous  le  regime  francais? 

Composition 

France  has  almost  exactly  the  same  area  as  Germany,  and 
is  almost  twice  as  large  as  Italy.  The  English  Channel  is  not 
very  wide  and  engineers  have  thought  of  building  a  tunnel  at 
its  narrowest  point.  But  the  English  will  not  listen  to  this 
because  they  wish  to  retain  (garder)  their  insular  position. 
Alsace-Lorraine  was  formerly  a  part  of  France,  but  after  the 
Franco-Prussian  War  it  was  annexed  to  Germany.  The  largest 
city  of  this  province  is  Strassburg.  French  is  spoken  in  only 
a  small  part  of  Alsace-Lorraine.  The  result  of  the  war  was 
the  formation  of  the  French  republic  and  also  the  establishment 
of  the  German  Empire.  The  single  colony  of  Madagascar  is 
larger  than  the  mother  country. 

13 


EXERCISE  5 


Climate  Map 

The  northern  tip  of  France  has  the  same  latitude  as  the 
southern  tip  of  Hudson  Bay.  The  lower  line  of  our  outline 
square  is  in  lat.  43°,  the  same  as  Buffalo  or  Milwaukee.  The 
normal  time  of  France  is  just  the  same  as  that  of  England;  the 
clocks  of  France  are,  therefore,  six  hours  ahead  of  the  clocks  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  which  means  that  France  is  just  one- 
quarter  way  around  the  world  from  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
When  the  people  of  Chicago  are  eating  their  lunch,  the  day's 
work  in  Paris  is  over.  The  climate  of  France  is  of  a  different 
type  from  that  of  most  of  America — it  is  not  as  warm  in  sum- 
mer and  not  as  cold  in  winter  as  here.  In  this  respect  it 
resembles  closely  California  and  the  southernmost  states.  The 
July  temperature  of  Paris  is  the  same  as  that  of  Maine  or  Lake 
Superior;  its  January  temperature  is  like  that  of  Washington, 
D.  C,  or  St.  Louis,  with  the  exception  that  there  are  no  severe 
cold  snaps. 

14 


A  cause  des  vents  qui  regnent,  les  hivers  et  les  etes  sont  en 
general  assez  temperes  en  France,  c.  a.  d.  qu'elle  a  tin  climat 
oceanique  par  opposition  a  un  climat  continental  comme  celui  de 
la  plus  grande  partie  de  l'Amerique.  La  presqu'ile  de  la  Bre- 
tagne  qui  s'avance  dans  les  eaux  rechauffees  de  l'ocean  compte 
moins  de  differences  entre  l'ete  et  l'hiver  que  les  autres  divisions 
climateriques  de  la  France,  bien  que  le  climat  du  bassin  de  Paris 
ressemble  a  celui  de  la  Bretagne  par  sa  douceur.  Dans  ces  deux 
regions  les  pluies  sont  frequentes,  ce  qui  rend  le  pays  propre  a 
l'elevage  du  betail  comme  Test  le  Sud  de  l'Angleterre. 

Le  littoral  de  la  Mediterranee  comporte  des  hivers  d'une 
grande  douceur,  des  etes  chauds  et  tres  sees:  a  l'exception  de 
cette  partie  de  la  cote  ou  pousse  l'orange,  le  doux  hiver  de  la 
Mediterranee  devient  souvent  tres  desagreable  a  cause  du  vent 
violent  du  Nord  qui  s'appelle  le  "Mistral".  La  plus  grande 
quantite  de  pluie  se  rencontre  sur  les  versants  ouest  des  regions 
montagneuses.  Les  Pyrenees  de  l'Ouest  en  regoivent  la  plus 
grande  quantite;  l'Auvergne  se  caracterise  aussi  par  la  pluie.  La 
region  immediatement  a  Test  de  Paris  et  la  cote  a  l'ouest  de 
Marseille  sont  les  moins  pluvieuses. 

Le  mais  exige  une  certaine  chaleur;  il  pousse  partout  dans  le 
Midi  jusqu'a  la  limite  nord  indiquee  sur  la  carte.  Les  oliviers 
se  limitent  aux  districts  mediterraneans.  Le  raisin  se  cultive 
dans  toute  la  France  jusqu'a  la  diagonale  qui  traverse  la  cam- 
pagne  tout  pres  de  Paris. 

Questions 

1.  Quelle  est  la  cause  de  la  douceur  des  hivers  et  de  la 
fraicheur  des  etes  de  la  France?  2.  Quel  climat  possede  la  plus 
grande  partie  des  £tats-Unis?  3.  Laquelle  des  sept  regions 
climateriques  a  le  climat  le  plus  uniforme?  4.  A  quels  egards 
le  climat  du  bassin  de  Paris  ressemble-t-il  au  climat  du  Sud  de 
l'Angleterre?  5.  De  quelle  direction  le  Mistral  souffle-t-il?  6. 
A  quelle  region  l'olive  est-elle  limitee?  7.  Ou  croit  le  raisin?  8. 
Est-ce  que  l'orange  vient  bien  en  France? 

Composition 

The  prevailing  winds  make  the  winters  in  France  very  mild. 
But  considerable  differences  do  exist;  France  can  be  divided  into 
seven  climatic  regions.  There  is  less  difference  between  sum- 
mer and  winter  in  the  peninsula  of  Brittany  than  in  the  other 
parts  of  France.  In  the  Vosges  and  Rhone  climates  the  winters 
are  rainy.  The  shore  of  the  Mediterranean  has  a  temperate 
winter,  but  the  lower  Rhone  has  in  winter  a  disagreeable  cold 
north  wind  which  is  called  the  "mistral".  The  smallest  amount 
of  rain  is  found  in  the  region  east  of  Paris.  Indian  corn  is  culti- 
vated in  the  southern  part  of  the  country.  The  grape  flourishes 
everywhere  with  the  exception  of  the  district  to  the  north  of 
Paris. 

15 


EXERCISE  6 


Roubaix 


The  Principal  Cities 

There  are  only  five  cities  in  France  with  a  population  of 
over  200,000 — in  order:  Paris,  Marseilles,  Lyons,  Bordeaux  and 
Lille;  and  there  are  only  fifteen  cities  that  have  over  100,000 
inhabitants;  these  are  given  on  the  map.  Germany  has  41  such 
cities  and  the  British  Isles  38.  The  provincial  cities  thus  play 
a  less  significant  role  than  in  other  lands;  the  life  of  France 
is  highly  centralized  in  Paris. 

Marseilles  owes  its  second  rank  to  its  extensive  shipping, 
and  Lyons  is  the  center  of  the  silk  industry  of  the  world.  Lille 
and  Roubaix  are  the  centers  of  the  great  textile  industry  of 
the  north.  Lisle  thread  was  first  made  at  Lille,  hence  its  name. 
St.  Etienne  is  the  Pittsburgh  of  France.  Bordeaux  has  an  exten- 
sive commerce  and  lies  in  the  midst  of  a  great  wine  section. 
From  Reims  twenty  million  bottles  of  champagne  are  exported 
yearly. 

16 


Paris  compte  environ,  trois  millions  d'habitants:  il  est  done 
de  la  moitie  plus  petit  que  Londres,  tandis  qu'il  est  a  peu  pres 
de  la  meme  grandeur  que  Berlin.  Apres  Paris,  les  deux  plus 
grandes  villes  sont  Marseille  et  Lyon,  dont  chacune  a  une  popu- 
lation d'un  demi-million.  Marseille  est  la  principale  ville  mari- 
time non  seulement  de  la  France,  mais  aussi  du  littoral  de  la 
Mediterranee.  Elle  est  d'origine  grecque  et  dans  l'ancien  temps 
joua  un  role  important  comme  port  de  mer. 

Lyon,  celebre  depuis  des  siecles  pour  ses  soieries,  occupe  un 
beau  site  au  confluent  du  Rhone  et  de  la  Saone.  Toulon,  ville 
bien  fortifiee,  est  un  arsenal  maritime  de  premier  ordre.  A 
l'embouchure  de  la  Seine  se  trouve  le  Havre,  apres  Marseille  le 
port  de  commerce  le  plus  considerable  du  pays.  Entre  le  Havre 
et  Paris,  egalement  sur  la  Seine,  est  situe  Rouen,  ancienne 
capitale  de  la  Normandie,  ou  en  1431  Jeanne  d'Arc  mourut  sur  le 
bucher,  apres  avoir  fait  sacrer  le  roi  Charles  VII  a  Reims.  Reims, 
metropole  de  l'ancienne  province  de  Champagne  fut,  pendant  des 
siecles,  la  ville  du  sacre  des  rois  de  France. 

Au  sud-ouest  de  la  France  sur  la  Garonne  sont  deux  grandes 
villes,  Bordeaux  et  Toulouse.  Bordeaux,  de  nos  jours  un  grand 
centre  commercial,  etait  sous  le  regime  romain  la  capitale  de 
l'Aquitaine.  Nantes  est  peut-etre  mieux  connu  des  etudiants  de 
l'histoire  a  cause  de  l'Edit  de  Nantes  qui  donna  aux  protestants 
la  liberte  de  conscience. 

Questions 

1.  La  France  a-t-elle  beaucoup  de  grandes  villes?  2.  Com- 
bien  d'habitants  compte  la  ville  de  Paris?  Quelle  est  la  popula- 
tion de  Paris  en  comparaison  de  celle  de  Londres?  3.  Quelles 
villes  importantes  sont  situees  entre  Paris  et  Marseille?  Et 
quelles  sont  les  industries  qui  les  rendent  celebres?  4.  A  quel 
fait  est  du  l'importance  de  Toulon?  5.  Dans  quelle  ville  Jeanne 
d'Arc  mourut-elle?  6.  Ou  le  sacre  des  rois  de  France  avait-il 
lieu?     7.     Quelle  ville  d'origine  grecque  y  a-t-il  en  France? 

Composition 

There  are  only  five  cities  in  France  with  a  population  of  more 
than  200,000,  and  fifteen  with  more  than  100,000.  Paris  has  al- 
most the  same  population  as  Berlin,  but  London  is  twice  as  large 
as  Paris.  Havre  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine  is  an  important 
maritime  city.  At  Reims  the  coronation  of  the  kings  of  France 
took  place.  The  silk  industry  has  made  Lyons  famous;  under 
Roman  rule  Lyons  was  already  a  great  city.  The  importance  of 
Marseilles  is  due  to  its  position  as  a  commercial  port;  it  is  sit- 
uated on  the  Mediterranean  shore  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone. 
Between  Nantes  and  Toulon  is  found  the  city  of  Bordeaux,  which 
has  played  an  important  role  throughout  the  centuries  as  a  com- 
mercial centre. 

17 


EXERCISE  7 


The  Principal  Old  Provinces 

Before  the  French  Revolution  (1789)  France  was  divided 
into  32  provinces;  the  names  of  a  large  number  of  these  are  now 
generally  known  and  used  as  geographical  districts.  The  87 
departments  into  which  France  has  been  divided  since  the 
Revolution  are  also  well  known,  but  the  old  province  names  are 
convenient  general  designations  since  they  cover  a  number  of 
such  departments. 

Furthermore,  these  names  occur  constantly  in  history;  thus 
Anjou  is  especially  famous  for  the  kings  of  the  "house  of 
Anjou,"  who  ruled  England  from  1154-1399.  Some  of  the  names 
are  very  old;  thus,  Gascony  goes  back  to  the  Roman  Vasconia, 
the  land  of  the  Vascones  or  Basques.  The  geographical  loca- 
tion of  some  has  varied  in  extent  during  the  centuries;  especially 
Burgundy  (Bourgogne)  has  been  applied  at  different  times  to 
a  large  part  of  Eastern  France. 

18 


Les  noms  des  anciennes  provinces  de  la  France  sont  un 
heritage  des  temps  feodaux.  II  vaut  la  peine  d'apprendre  les 
noms  des  mieux  connues,  et  aussi  l'origine  de  ces  noms.  Par 
exemple,  l'lle  de  France,  dont  la  capitale  est  Paris,  doit  son  nom 
aux  quatre  fleuves  qui  en  font  presque  une  ile.  La  Normandie 
rappelle  par  son  nom  les  Normands  (Northmen)  ou  vikings 
scandinaves  au  chef  desquels,  Rollon,  fut  cedee  cette  partie  de  la 
France  en  911. 

La  Bretagne,  presqu'ile  isolee,  est  par  sa  race,  ses  coutumes, 
ses  costumes  et  sa  langue  une  province  unique  dans  la  France. 
La  Champagne  est  connue  partout  a  cause  de  son  vin  blanc 
mousseux.  Une  partie  de  la  Lorraine  et  toute  l'Alsace  furent 
cedees  a  l'Allemagne  apres  la  guerre  franco-allemande  (1870-71), 
mais  presque  tout  ce  territoire  n'appartenait  a  la  France  que 
depuis  200  ans.  Ce  fut  dans  le  village  de  Domremy  en  Lorraine 
que  naquit  Jeanne  d'Arc.  La  montagneuse  Savoie  avec  le 
sublime  Mont  Blanc  est  d'acquisition  recente;  elle  fut  cedee  a  la 
France  par  l'ltalie  en  1860. 

Le  beau  climat  de  Provence  en  a  fait  le  plus  celebre  sejour 
hivernal  de  toute  l'Europe;  la  partie  est  de  son  littoral  est  bien 
connue  sous  le  nom  de  la  Riviera.  La  Provence  a  donne  son 
nom  a  la  poesie  provengale  de  l'age  de  la  chevalerie.  La  province 
de  Languedoc  a,  chose  etrange,  pris  son  nom  du  langage  parle 
aux  villages  du  Sud  de  la  France  (voir  la  carte  de  langage).  La 
Guienne  ou  Guyenne  est  une  variante  du  nom  Aquitaine. 

Questions 

1.  En  combien  de  provinces  la  France  etait-elle  divisee  avant 
la  Revolution?  2.  A  qui  la  Normandie  fut-elle  cedee  en  911?  3. 
A  quels  egards  la  Bretagne  est-elle  une  province  unique  en 
France?  4.  En  quelle  annee  l'Alsace  fut-elle  cedee  a  l'Alle- 
magne?  5.  Pendant  combien  d'annees  ce  territoire  a-t-il  appar- 
tenu  a  la  France?  6.  Ou  Jeanne  d'Arc  naquit-elle?  7.  Est-ce 
que  la  Savoie  fait  partie  de  la  France  depuis  longtemps?  8.  Pour 
quelle  raison  la  Provence  est-elle  specialement  celebre? 

Composition 

The  names  of  the  old  French  provinces  call  to  mind  the 
feudal  times,  and  it  is  worth  while  to  learn  the  origin  of  their 
names.  For  example,  the  province  of  which  Paris  was  the  capi- 
tal was  called  the  Ile  de  France,  because  four  rivers  made  (of) 
it  almost  an  island.  Champagne  has  given  its  name  to  a  cele- 
brated sparkling  wine.  Alsace-Lorraine  was  ceded  to  Germany 
by  France  in  1871.  It  is  in  the  mountainous  province  of  Savoie 
that  we  find  the  highest  peak  in  France,  Mount  Blanc.  Provence 
is  well  known  because  it  has  given  its  name  to  the  poetry  of  the 
troubadours.  The,  Riviera,  its  eastern  shore,  is  a  celebrated 
winter  resort.  The  Normans,  the  Scandinavian  vikings,  gave 
their  name  to  the  province  of  Normandy. 

19 


EXERCISE  8 


Places  of  Literary  Interest 

Moliere  (1622-73),  the  greatest  French  writer  of  comedies, 
was  born  and  died  in  Paris.  The  brilliant  Voltaire  (1694-1778), 
the  most  famous  literary  man  of  his  time,  was  also  born  in 
Paris;  the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life  he  spent  at  Ferney,  near 
Geneva,  having  been  banished  from  Paris.  Victor  Hugo 
(1802-85),  the  author  of  "Les  Miserables,"  though  born  in 
Besangon,  passed  most  of  his  life  in  Paris. 

Corneille  (1606-84),  a  celebrated  dramatist,  the  author  of  "Le 
Cid,"  was  born  at  Rouen,  where  he  lived  until  shortly  before 
his  death.  The  castle  of  Les  Rochers  was  the  residence  of 
Madame  de  Sevigne  (1626-96),  celebrated  for  the  remarkable 
"Letters"  to  her  daughter.  Descartes  (1596-1650),  the  founder 
of  modern  philosophy  was  born  near  Tours,  but  lived  in  Holland 
the  latter  part  of  his  life.  Tours  is  also  known  as  the  birthplace 
of  the  great  novelist,  Balzac  (1799-1850). 

20 


Rabelais  (1495-1553),  auteur  de  "Pantagruel"  et  de  "Gargan- 
tua",  est  peut-etre  le  plus  grand  sceptique  frangais,  mais  il  est  en 
meme  temps  plein  de  l'amour  de  l'humanite.  II  naquit  a  Chinon 
en  Touraine.  George  Sand  (1804-1876),  une  des  plus  celebres 
femmes  de  lettres  qu'ait  produites  la  France,  habita  longtemps 
Nohant. 

Montaigne  (1533-92),  contemporain  de  Shakspeare,  passa  les 
jours  les  plus  heureux  de  sa  vie  dans  la  bibliotheque  de  son  cha- 
teau pres  de  Bordeaux,  ou  il  a  ecrit  ses  remarquables  essais. 
Bordeaux  nous  rappelle  aussi  le  nom  de  Montesquieu  (1689-1755), 
auteur  de  "L'Esprit  des  Lois",  ouvrage^  qui  a  beaucoup  influence 
les  idees  sociales  et  politiques  du  18e  siecle. 

Alphonse  Daudet  (1840-97),  ne  a  Nimes,  romancier  naturaliste, 
a  ecrit  d'admirables  romans  decrivant  les  moeurs  de  son  pays 
natal,  le  Midi.  Geneve,  ville  Suisse  de  langue  frangaise,  s'associe 
aux  noms  de  Calvin  (1509-64),  fondateur  du  protestantisme  fran- 
gais, et  de  Jean-Jacques  Rousseau  (1712-78),  qui  preche  le  retour 
a  la  nature  et  proclame  les  droits  de  l'homme.  Ses  idees  ont 
beaucoup  contribue  a  amener  la  Revolution  frangaise. 

La  Fontaine  (1621-95),  auteur  immortel  de  fables  delicieuses, 
passa  la  premiere  moitie  de  sa  vie  a  Chateau-Thierry.  La  Fon- 
taine, avec  ses  amis  Racine,  Boileau  et  Moliere,  a  beaucoup 
contribue  a  la  gloire  du  siecle  brillant  de  Louis  XIV.  Dumas 
pere  (1802-70),  auteur  du  "Comte  de  Monte  Cristo"  et  des  "Trois 
Mousquetaires",  naquit  a  Villers-Cotterets,  ou  il  passa  sa 
jeunesse. 

Questions 

1.  Dans  quelle  ville  de  la  Touraine  naquit  l'auteur  de  "Panta- 
gruel"? 2.  Qui  etait  l'auteur  d'essais  habitant  un  chateau  pres 
de  Bordeaux?  3.  Pourquoi  "l'Esprit  des  Lois"  est-il  celebre? 
4.  Ou  le  fondateur  du  protestantisme  demeurait-il?  5.  Quel 
autre  ecrivain  renomme  habitait  Geneve?  6.  Quelle  doctrine 
preche-t-il?  7.  Pourquoi  ses  idees  sont-elles  d'une  haute  im- 
portance? 8.  Nommer  les  quatre  grands  ecrivains  qui,  au  siecle 
de  Louis  XIV,  formaient  un  cercle  insigne.  9.  Dans  quel  siecle 
l'auteur  des  "Trois  Mousquetaires  a-t-il  vecu?" 

Composition 

Bordeaux  is  associated  with  the  names  of  two  great  writers, 
Montaigne,  who  lived  in  the  16th  century  and  wrote  some  re- 
markable essays,  and  Montesquieu,  celebrated  for  his  work, 
"L'Esprit  des  Lois";  Montesquieu  died  in  1755.  Geneva  in 
Switzerland  calls  to  mind  two  great  men  of  France,  Calvin,  the 
founder  of  French  protestantism,  and  Jean-Jacques  Rousseau, 
who  contributed  a  great  deal  to  the  social  and  political  ideas  of 
his  time.  La  Fontaine  spent  his  youth  at  Chateau-Thierry,  near 
Paris,  but  the  second  half  of  his  life  he  passed  at  Paris,  where 
he  was  associated  with  the  celebrated  writers  Racine,  Boileau 
and  Moliere.  Dumas  pere  is  perhaps  the  greatest  novelist  that 
France  has  produced.  George  Sand,  a  famous  woman  of  letters, 
spent  the  happiest  days  of  her  life  at  Nohant. 

21 


EXERCISE  9 


Gare  MontParnasse 


Panthe'on 


The  Heart  of  Paris 


First  find  on  the  map  the  Place  de  la  Concorde  (Square  of 
Peace);  they  gave  it  this  name  in  1795  after  the  guillotine  had 
been  taken  down  on  which  Louis  XVI  and  Marie  Antoinette 
and  many  of  the  nobility  were  decapitated.  This  .  square  is 
now  the  heart  of  Paris.  Westward  from  it  the  Champs-Elysees 
extends  to  Napoleon's  massive  Arc  de  Triomphe.  Looking 
north  we  see  the  Church  of  the  Madeleine,  like  a  Greek  temple; 
toward  the  south  across  the  Seine  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 
On  the  east  is  the  Garden  of  the  Tuileries,  where  once  stood 
the  royal  palace  called  the  Tuileries;  it  was  stormed  by  the  mob 
during  the  Revolution,  1792,  also  in  the  revolutions  of  1830  and 
1848,  and  it  was  burned  by  the  Commune  in  1871. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  Seine  the  Boulevard  St.  Michel  is 
the  main  artery  of  traffic;  it  passes  through  what  has  for  cen- 
turies been  known  as  the  Latin  Quarter,  by  which  is  meant 
the  School  Section,  Latin  being  the  language  of  the  schools 
until  about  two  centuries  ago. 

22 


La  ville  de  Paris  s'est  dressee  autour  de  cette  ile  de  la  Seine 
qu'on  appelle  'Tile  de  la  Cite."  C'est  ici  que  se  trouvent  l'eglise 
cathedrale  de  Notre  Dame,  et  le  Palais  de  Justice,  autrefois  le 
palais  royal.  L'Hotel  de  Ville  est  moderne;  il  remplace  l'edifice 
brule  par  la  Commune  en  1871.  Le  Pantheon  est  le  "Westmin- 
ster Abbey"  de  la  France.  C'est  ici  qu'on  a  enterre  plusieurs 
celebres  Frangais  comme  Rousseau,  Voltaire  et  Hugo.  Le 
Palais  du  Luxembourg  est  maintenant  le  siege  du  senat  frangais; 
ses  jardins  ont  longtemps  joue  un  role  considerable  dans  la  vie 
du  Quartier  Latin.  A  l'ouest  du  jardin  se  trouve  le  quartier 
americain  et  anglais. 

Le  Champ  de  Mars,  jadis  consacre  a  l'exercice  militaire,  a  ete 
la  scene  de  quatre  expositions  universelles.  C'est  ici  que  se 
dresse  comme  souvenir  de  l'exposition  de  1889  la  Tour  Eiffel, 
haute  de  presque  1000  pieds.  Tout  pres  on  voit  dans  l'eglise  de 
l'Hotel  des  Invalides  (Soldiers'  Home)  le  tombeau  de  l'homme 
le  plus  celebre  de  la  France,  Napoleon,  le  "petit  Caporal"  corse. 
Les  boulevards  qui  s'etendent  a  Test  et  a  l'ouest  de  l'Opera  sont 
le  centre  de  la  vie  de  boulevard  de  la  rive  droite  de  la  Seine.  De 
la  place  de  l'Opera  partent  pour  aller  vers  le  sud  deux  arteres: 
la  rue  de  la  Paix  avec  ses  magasins  importants  et  l'avenue  de 
l'Opera,  qui  mene  au  Louvre.  Le  Louvre,  aujourd'hui  le  musee 
le  plus  considerable  du  monde  etait  le  principal  palais  royal  avant 
la  construction  de  Versailles  sous  Louis  XIV. 

Questions 

1.  Qu'est  ce  que  c'est  que  "l'ile  de  la  cite"?  2.  Quels  en 
sont  les  plus  importants  edifices?  3.  Qu'est  ce  qu'est  devenu 
l'ancien  Hotel  de  Ville?  4.  A  quoi  le  Pantheon  doit-il  sa  re- 
nommee?  5.  Quels  grands  hommes  y  sont  enterres?  6.  Ou  le 
senat  frangais  tient-il  ses  seances?  7.  Ou  est  le  quartier  anglais 
et  americain  a  Paris?  8.  Quel  est  l'age  de  la  Tour  Eiffel?  9. 
De  combien  d'expositions  universelles  le  Champ  de  Mars  a-t-il 
ete  la  scene?  10.  Ou  Napoleon  est-il  inhume?  11.  Ou  trouve- 
t-on  le  centre  de  la  vie  de  boulevard  au  nord  de  la  Seine? 

Composition 

"City  Island"  is  an  island  in  the  Seine  around  which  grew 
up  the  city  of  Paris.  The  cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  and  the 
Palace  of  Justice  are  its  two  most  important  buildings.  The 
tombs  of  several  famous  Frenchmen  are  found  in  the  Pantheon, 
which  may  be  called  the  "Westminster  Abbey"  of  France.  The 
Boulevard  St.  Michel  is  the  center  of  the  boulevard  life  of  the 
Latin  Quarter.  The  Eiffel  Tower  is  the  highest  tower  in  the 
world;  it  was  built  for  the  exposition  of  1889  and  is  nearly  a 
thousand  feet  high.  Napoleon  is  buried  near-by  in  the  church 
of  the  Soldiers'  Home.  The  church  of  the  Madeleine  is  situated 
on  the  boulevard  west  of  the  opera  house  and  not  far  from  the 
Square  of  Peace. 

23 


EXERCISE  10 


r^ 

St  Denis 

/ 

St.Germain- 

/    f^ 

7° 

•en-Laye  / 

°( 

-^  ^ifications 

St  Cloud  0%/ 

3^L           / 

A  PARIS 

Jardin 

SevresO^-^ 

\^*Boisde    \              ] 
M^-.yi  nc  en  nes.y -' 

o  "^b 

St.Cyr        Versailles 

4- 

vh 

0        1        ?        ?        *        ?     Mil 

e$                  * 

\p                                  CJK 

The  Environs  of  Paris 


The  ring  in  the  center  of  the  map  represents  the  fortihcu- 
tions  with  which  Paris  is  completely  surrounded.  These  played 
their  part  in  the  two  terrible  sieges  of  Paris,  1870-71,  the  first 
of  21  weeks  against  the  Germans,  the  second  of  seven  weeks, 
the  Republicans  of  France  against  the  Communists  of  Paris. 

Notice  the  diagram  of  the  "heart  of  Paris"  shown  in  minia- 
ture within  the  ring  of  the  fortifications.  One  of  the  twelve 
fashionable,  residential  streets  which  radiate  from  the  Arch  of 
Triumph  of  the  Place  de  l'Etoile  is  called  the  Avenue  du  Bois 
de  Boulogne;  it  leads  to  the  lovely  park,  named  after  an  adjacent 
town,  "Bois  de  Boulogne";  it  is  perhaps  more  frequently  called 
simply  the  "Bois."  It  contains  the  race-course  Longchamp;  at 
the  promenade  here  the  new  fashions  are  first  shown.  Thirty- 
seven  miles  south  of  Paris  is  the  town  of  Fontainebleau  with 
a  splendid  royal  palace,  which  was  the  favorite  residence  of 
Napoleon;  the  forest  of  Fontainebleau  is  the  most  beautiful  in 
France  and  was  made  famous  by  the  painters  of  the  "Barbison 
School".  Although  outside  the  fortifications,  both  the  Bois  de 
Boulogne  and  the  Bois  de  Vincennes  belong  to  the  city. 

24 


A  une  lieue  au  nord  des  fortifications  se  trouve  la  ville  de  St. 
Denis.  Son  abbaye  est  le  lieu  de  sepulture  des  rois  de  France. 
Le  palais  royal  de  St.  Cloud,  sur  la  Seine  tout  pres  de  Paris,  fut 
brule  dans  la  guerre  de  1870;  c'est  dans  ce  palais  que  se  sont 
passees  beaucoup  de  scenes  emouvantes  de  Thistoire  de  la 
France.  A  l'ouest  de  Paris,  et  assez  pres,  est  Sevres  qui  jouit 
d'une  reputation  universelle  par  sa  manufacture  nationale  de 
porcelaine  qui  fut  fondee  en  1753.  A  Test  de  Paris  se  trouvent  le 
palais  et  le  bois  de  Vincennes,  celui-ci  transforme  en  pare,  ren- 
dezvous prefere  du  peuple  parisien. 

Plusieurs  rois  de  France,  et  parmi  eux  Louis  XIV,  sont  nes  a 
St.  Germain-en-Laye,  lieu  de  villegiature  favori  des  Parisiens. 
Le  palais  royal  est  maintenant  un  musee  et  les  allees  du  pare 
sont  bien  frequentees. 

Versailles,  a  18  kil.  de  Paris,  possede  un  magnifique  palais, 
bati  sous  Louis  XIV.  Ce  palais,  long  de  576  metres  et  main- 
tenant  musee  national,  donne  sur  le  fameux  jardin  du  meme  nom 
profusement  embelli  de  jets  d'eau  et  de  sculptures.  De  tels 
jardins  sont  caracteristiques  du  siecle  artificiel  de  Louis  XIV, 
(17e  siecle). 

Saint-Cyr,  a  l'Ouest  de  Versailles,  le  "West  Point"  de  la 
France,  est  installe  dans  la  "maison  d'education"  pour  les  jeunes 
filles  rendue  celebre  par  "Athalie"  et  "Esther",  tragedies  sacrees 
de  Racine,  qui  les  ecrivit  pour  les  eleves  de  cette  ecole. 

Questions 

1.  Ou  est  le  lieu  de  sepulture  des  rois  de  France?  2.  Quand 
le  palais  royal  de  St.  Cloud  fut-il  brule?  3.  A  quoi  la  ville  de 
Sevres  doit-elle  sa  reputation  universelle?  4.  Quel  pare  est 
situe  a  l'Est  de  Paris?  5.  Pour  quelle  raison  la  ville  de  St. 
Germain-en-Laye  est  elle  celebre?  6.  Est  ce  que  le  palais  de 
Versailles  est  tres  grand?  7.  Pourquoi  Versailles  est-elle  telle- 
ment  frequentee  de  nos  jours?  8.  Ou  est  le  "West  Point"  de 
France?     9.     Pour  qui  Racine  a-t-il  ecrit  la  tragedie  d'  "Athalie"? 

Composition 

In  the  church  of  St.  Denis,  a  city  north  of  the  fortifications, 
the  kings  of  France  were  buried.  The  royal  palace  of  St.  Cloud 
owes  its  great  reputation  to  the  stormy  historical  events  which 
took  place  there.  Near  St.  Cloud  is  situated  the  royal  porcelain 
factory  of  Sevres.  St.  Germain-en-Laye  was  the  birthplace  of 
Louis  Quatorze  and  is  now  much  frequented  by  the  Parisians. 
The  windows  of  the  palace  of  Versailles  look  out  upon  a 
beautiful  garden  which  is  characteristic  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. Going  west  from  Versailles  we  soon  arrive  at  St.  Cyr,  a 
celebrated  military  school;  this  school  occupies  a  building  which 
was  formerly  used  as  a  school  for  girls;  for  this  school  Racine 
wrote  two  famous  tragedies. 

25 


EXERCISE  11 


□100-200 
to  s<|  mile 


less  than 
M 100  to  s<j  mile 


Density  of  Population 

France  has  a  population  of  about  forty  millions,  which  is 
two-fifths  that  of  the  United  States.  The  most  striking  fact 
about  the  population  of  France  is  the  slow  rate  of  increase;  at 
the  time  of  the  Franco-Prussian  War  it  was  about  as  populous 
as  Germany;  since  1871,  however,  the  population  of  France  has 
remained  almost  at  a  standstill,  while  Germany  has  increased 
to  seventy  millions.  The  cause  and  the  significance  of  this  fact 
is  one   of  the   problems  most   frequently   discussed   in   France. 

In  the  last  few  decades  there  has  been  a  decline  in  the  popu- 
lation of  Normandy  and  of  the  Garonne  basin;  and  the  areas 
shown  on  the  map  as  having  the  greatest  density  are  the  areas 
which  have,  furthermore,  increased.  Rural  communities  have 
declined,  the  towns  have  grown.  Notice  the  very  populous  area 
in  the  manufacturing  district  of  the  north;  the  same  great 
density  extends  all  over  the  adjacent  Belgium. 

26 


Des  douze  millions  de  menages  de  la  France,  il  y  en  a  neuf 
millions  qui  possedent  les  maisons  qu'ils  habitent.  C'est  une 
des  nations  les  plus  riches  du  monde;  en  ce  pays  les  biens  sont 
assez  impartialement  distribues.  On  dit  qu'il  y  a  autant  de 
fermes  en  France  qu'aux  fitats-Unis;  la  moitie  de  la  population 
se  consacre  a  l'agriculture.  Le  bien-etre  general  au  point  de 
vue  economique,  le  niveau  assez  eleve  ou  se  maintient  la  vie 
materielle,  et  le  peu  d'etendue  en  moyenne  des  fermes  sont 
probablement  les  causes  principales  du  chiffre  presque  fixe  de  la 
population. 

La  partie  la  moins  fertile  de  la  France,  situee  au  sud  de  Bor- 
deaux et  qui  s'appelle  les  Landes,  etait  autrefois  presque  inhabitee 
mais  elle  a  ete  recemment  defrichee.  Le  plateau  granitique  du 
centre  de  la  France  possede  aussi  un  sol  bien  pauvre,  et  les  dis- 
tricts montagneux  de  ce  plateau  subissent  depuis  longtemps  un 
exode  temporaire  d'hommes  cherchant  un  emploi  dans  les 
centres  populeux. 

A  remarquer  est  la  situation  d'Orleans  sur  la  Loire.  Au  nord 
de  cette  ville,  il  y  a  une  assez  grande  etendue  riche  en  bles, 
tandis  qu'au  sud  s'etend  une  plaine  infertile.  Au  point  de  vue  de 
la  production  des  bles,  la  France  est  entre  les  pays  les  plus 
importants  du  monde,  en  partie  a  cause  de  l'emploi  general  du 
pain  blanc  au  lieu  du  pain  de  seigle,  nourriture  ordinaire  du 
restant  de  l'Europe.  Un  trait  frappant  marque  sur  la  carte  c'est 
l'espece  d'ile  de  population  qui  a  pour  centre  Lyon  et  St.  Etienne. 
Des  manufactures  se  sont  etablies  ici  a  cause  des  grands  gise- 
ments  houillers.     La  meme  chose  se  voit  dans  le  Nord. 

Questions 

1.  Combien  de  menages  en  France  possedent  leurs  propres 
maisons?  2.  Quelle  fraction  de  la  population  est  occupee  a  la 
culture  du  sol?  3.  Quel  est  le  nombre  des  fermes  en  com- 
paraison  de  celles  des  £tats-Unis?  4.  Quelles  sont  les  causes 
du  chiffre  fixe  de  la  population?  5.  Ou  trouvons-nous  la  partie 
la  moins  fertile  de  la  France?  6.  Cette  partie  est-elle  encore 
presque  inhabitee?  7.  Pourquoi  y  a-t-il  de  temps  en  temps  un 
exode  d'hommes  du  plateau  central? 

Composition 
France  is  a  very  rich  nation  and  the  wealth  is  pretty  equally 
divided;  for  example,  nine  million  out  of  the  twelve  million 
households  own  their  own  homes.  France  has  as  many  farms 
as  the  United  States,  but  the  size  of  these  farms  is  on  the 
average  small.  The  soil  of  the  Landes  and  of  the  granite 
plateau  of  the  centre  of  France  is  very  poor.  The  Landes  were 
formerly  almost  uninhabited  and  it  is  to-day  one  of  the  least 
populous  districts  of  France.  There  is  also  an  infertile  plain 
to  the  south  of  Orleans,  while  to  the  north  stretches  a  plain 
rich  in  grain.  In  France  wheat  bread  is  generally  used,  but  in 
the  rest  of  Europe  rye  bread  is  the  ordinary  food  of  the  people. 
There  is  a  sort  of  island  of  population  about  Bordeaux. 

27 


EXER 

Boulogne, 


Famous  Resorts 

No  country  in  Europe  has  so  many  famous  and  fashionable 
resorts  as  France.  This  is  due  partly  to  the  natural  advantages 
and  beauties  of  the  places  themselves,  but  more  especially  to 
the  leadership  which  France  has  in  the  world  of  fashion.  These 
resorts  fall  into  five  natural  groups:  1.  the  Atlantic  sea  shore, 
2,  the  Pyrenees,  3,  the  Auvergne,  4,  the  Alps,  5,  the  eastern 
Mediterranean  shore. 

Most  renowned  are  perhaps  the  winter  resorts  of  the  "Azure 
Coast,"  of  which  Nice,  Monte  Carlo  and  Mentone  may  be  men- 
tioned; they  are  protected  by  the  Alps  from  the  cold  northern 
wind,  the  mistral.  Monte  Carlo  is  not  French,  since  it  belongs 
to  the  tiny  monarchy  of  Monaco  (area  8  sq.  miles) ;  this 
accounts  for  the  notorious  gambling  there,  which  would  not  be 
permitted  in  France.  Because  of  its  mild  climate  throughout  the 
year  Biarritz,  in  Basque  territory,  is  both  a  summer  and  winter 
resort. 

28 


Les  hauts  remparts  et  tours  de  l'ancienne  Cite  de  Carcassonne 
nous  reconstituent  d'une  maniere  merveilleuse  les  fortifications 
du  moyen  age.  Entre  les  nombreuses  stations  hivernales  des 
Pyrenees,  Pau  est  sans  rivale  par  sa  situation  et  par  son  climat. 
Arcachon,  les  Sables  d'Olonne,  et  toute  une  serie  de  stations 
balneaires  pres  de  St.  Nazaire  sont  bien  frequentees. 

Qui  n'a  pas  entendu  parler  des  "chateaux  de  la  Loire"? 
D'Orleans  a  Tours  et  plus  loin  encore  sur  les  deux  rives  de 
la  Loire  ou  aux  environs  se  trouvent  les  plus  beaux  chateaux  de 
la  Renaissance  (16e  et  17e  siecles) ;  c'est  "le  jardin  de  la  France". 

Les  mieux  connus  des  bains  de  mer  le  long  des  rives  de  la 
Manche  sont  a  Dinard  sur  la  cote  de  la  Bretagne,  aux  deux  ports, 
Dieppe  et  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  et  a  Trouville  a  l'embouchure  de 
la  Seine,  bien  frequentee  du  beau  monde  parisien.  Un  des  plus 
beaux  endroits  du  monde  est  le  Mont-Saint-Michel,  haut  ilot 
rocheux,  couronne  d'une  noble  eglise  et  d'une  magnifique  abbaye. 

Les  montagnes  de  l'Auvergne  doivent  leur  vogue  surtout  aux 
sources  thermales;  les  eaux  de  Vichy  sont  renommees  partout  et 
son  casino  est  le  plus  grand  de  l'Europe. 

Geneve,  ville  celebre  sur  le  Lac  Leman  fait  partie  de  la  Suisse, 
mais  la  rive  sud  avec  Evian-les-Bains  renomme  pour  ses  eaux 
minerales  est  a  la  France.  Les  sources  d'Aix-les-Bains  etaient 
celebres  raeme  a  l'epoque  romaine  et  la  ville  est  maintenant  une 
des  stations  thermales  les  plus  frequentees  du  Continent. 

Questions 

1.  Que  veut  dire  la  "Cote  d'Azur"?  2.  A  quelle  petite 
principaute  appartient  Monte  Carlo?  3.  Donner  le  nom  de  la 
celebre  station  balneaire  en  territoire  basque?  4.  Quelle  vieille 
cite  nous  rappelle  les  villes  du  moyen  age?  5.  Quelles  sont  les 
villes  d'eaux  les  plus  frequentees  de  la  cote  atlantique?  6.  Ou 
est  le  "jardin  de  la  France"  ainsi  dit?  7.  Quelle  ville  d'eaux 
dans  les  montagnes  de  l'Auvergne  possede  le  plus  grand  casino 
de  l'Europe? 

Composition 

One  still  sees  the  fortifications  of  the  middle  ages  in  the 
old  city  of  Carcassonne.  There  are  numerous  resorts  in  the 
Pyrenees.  The  situation  and  climate  of  Pau  have  made  it  v<;ry 
famous.  A  much  frequented  bathing  resort  of  the  Atlantic 
coast  is  Arcachon.  Everybody  has  heard  of  the  beautiful  castles 
of  the  Renaissance,  which  are  found  on  both  banks  of  the 
Loire  from  Orleans  to  Tours,  and  which  give  this  region  the 
name,  "the  garden  of  France."  Mont  St.  Michel,  a  high  rocky 
island,  is  a  lovely  spot  and  is  famous  for  a  beautiful  church  and 
abbey.  The  largest  casino  of  Europe  is  situated  at  Vichy,  which 
is  also  famous  for  its  waters.  Geneva  belongs  to  Switzerland, 
but  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Geneva  is  a  part  of  France. 


EXERCISE  13 


Science  and  Invention 


Lavoisier,  the  founder  of  modern  chemistry,  was  born  in 
Paris  in  1743  and  was  guillotined  during  the  Revolution;  he 
demonstrated  the  oxygen  in  the  air  and  its  part  in  all  combus- 
tion; he  was  the  first  to  show  us  why  we  breathe.  Pierre  Curie 
(1859-1906)  was  born  and  died  in  Paris;  he  was  associated  in 
his  work  with  his  wife;  they  together  discovered  the  marvellous 
metal  radium.  At  Beaumont  in  Normandy  was  born  the  cele- 
brated astronomer  and  mathematician  La  Place  (1749-1827), 
famous  for  the  "La  Place  system  of  the  universe."  Nearby  at 
Saint  L6  was  born  Leverrier  (1811-77),  who  by  mathematics 
alone  discovered  our  outermost  planet  Neptune, — one  of  the 
greatest  triumphs  of  the  human  mind;  he  told  an  astronomer 
where  to  turn  his  telescope  and  there  was  the  faint  new  planet. 
At  Tours  was  born  in  1596  Descartes,  the  philosopher,  also  one 
of  the  world's  greatest  mathematicians. 

30 


A  Clermont  se  dresse  une  statue  a  Pascal,  grand  mathemati- 
cien  et  ecrivain  qui  y  naquit  en  1623.  II  passa  les  dernieres 
annees  de  sa  vie  a  Port  Royal,  pres  de  Versailles,  celebre  au  17e 
siecle  a  cause  des  controverses  de  religion.  Les  freres  Mont- 
golfier  d'Annonay  ont,  les  premiers,  imagine  un  aerostat  et  ont 
tente  leur  premiere  experience  en  1783.  Ce  ballon  etait  la  mer- 
veille  de  l'age  et  son  ascension  fut  le  commencement  de  la  con- 
quete  des  airs;  de  nos  jours  les  Frangais  priment  dans  le 
developpement  de  l'aeroplane. 

En  1801,  Jacquard  de  Lyon  inventa  le  metier  a  tisser  Jac- 
quard,  qui  tisse  des  dessins  compliques  dans  les  etoffes.  Lyon 
est  le  lieu  de  naissance  d'Ampere  (1775-1836),  renomme  pour  ses 
decouvertes  en  electricite.  C'est  a  lui  que  doit  son  nom 
Tampere,  unite  electrique.  Ce  fut  environ  1827  que  Niepce  de 
Chalon-sur-Saone  inventa  la  photographie;  il  s'associa  plus  tard 
a  Daguerre  auquel  nous  devons  le  daguerreotype. 

Le  savant  Pasteur  naquit  en  1822  a  Dole.  C'est  lui  qui  etablit 
le  fait  que  les  germes  servent  de  vehicule  aux  maladies  conta- 
gieuses.  Par  ses  travaux  Pasteur  se  range  parmi  les  principaux 
bienfaiteurs  de  l'humanite.  LTnstitut  Pasteur  a  Paris  continue 
son  oeuvre.  Le  celebre  naturaliste  Cuvier  naquit  a  Montbeliard 
en  1769.  II  a  ete  le  createur  de  l'anatomie  comparee;  c.  a.  d.  il  a 
fait  la  comparaison  de  l'anatomie  de  l'homme  avec  celle  des 
animaux. 

Questions 

1.  A  quelle  date  environ  Lavoisier  fut-il  guillotine?  2.  Quelle 
nation  prime  dans  le  developpement  de  l'aeroplane?  3.  Dans 
quelle  ville  le  ballon  a-t-il  fait  sa  premiere  ascension?  4.  A  qui 
devons-nous  le  daguerreotype?  5.  A  cause  de  quoi  appelle-t-on 
Pasteur  "bienfaiteur  de  l'humanite"?  6.  Qu'est  que  c'est  que 
l'anatomie  comparee?  7.  Qui  decouvrit  par  les  mathematiques 
seules  la  planete  la  plus  eloignee  de  notre  systeme?  8.  Dans 
quelle  ville  de  la  Normandie  naquit-il? 

Composition 

The  brothers  Montgolfier,  who  lived  at  Annonay,  invented 
the  balloon  and  made  the  first  ascension.  Later,  in  the  20th  cen- 
tury, the  French  played  a  great  role  in  the  development  of  the 
aeroplane.  The  Jacquard  loom  was  invented  in  1801  and  be- 
came^ of  great  importance  in  the  principal  industry  of  Lyons. 
Ampere  was  a  French  scientist  who  was  born  in  1775  at  Lyons. 
Niepce  is  famous  for  his  discoveries  in  photography;  the  da»- 
guerreotype  owes  its  name  to  Daguerre,  who  was  associated 
with  Niepce  at  Chalon-sur-Saone.  We  owe  to  Pasteur  the  dis- 
covery of  the  fact  that  germs  are  the  cause  of  contagious  dis- 
eases; Pasteur  died  in  1895.  Montbeliard  is  the  birthplace  of  the 
great  naturalist  Cuvier,  famed  for  his  discoveries  in  comparative 
anatomy. 

31 


EXERCISE  14 


Calais  ^^^ruxelles     Cologne,© 
Boulosne, 


<Simplon 


The  Principal  Railway  Routes 

The  main  railway  routes  radiate  from  Paris  like  the  spokes 
of  a  wheel.  A  fine  net  of  railways  covers  the  country,  but  no 
principal  route  crosses  the  central  part  of  France.  Of  the  lines 
shown  the  state  owns  and  operates  those  from  Paris  to  Havre, 
Cherbourg  and  Brest.  Besides  the  state  railways  there  are  five 
large  private  companies;  the  Northern,  Eastern,  Lyons-Mediter- 
ranean, Orleans  and  Southern  (Midi)  companies. 

America  has  a  two-class  passenger  system — day  coach  and 
Pullman;  but  France  has  three  classes;  much  the  largest  part 
of  the  passengers  travel  third  class  and  first  class  is  little  used. 
Of  interest  to  Americans  is  the  compartment  system — the  doors 
are  along  the  sides  of  the  car  instead  of  at  the  end;  these  give 
access  to  the  separate  divisions  of  the  car  in  which  the  passen- 
gers sit  facing  each  other  as  in  the  old  stage  coach. 

32 


Paris  est  le  centre  d'ou  rayonnent  d'importants  chemins  de 
fer  qui  penetrent  toutes  les  regions  de  la  France  et  les  pays  en- 
vironnants.  Quelques  uns  des  trains  express  sont  d'une  tres 
grande  vitesse;  le  plus  rapide  train  direct  du  monde  est  celui  qui 
fait  le  trajet  de  Paris  a  Calais.  Remarquez  que  le  chemin  de  fer 
du  Nord  se  bifurque;  Tune  des  branches  mene  a  Boulogne  et 
Calais  en  passant  par  Amiens,  l'autre  a  Bruxelles,  capitale  de  la 
Belgique,  et  a  Cologne  sur  le  Rhin. 

Le  celebre  Express  d'Orient  passe  par  Strasbourg,  traverse  la 
partie  meridionale  de  rAllemagne  pour  arriver  a  Vienne 
(Autriche)  d'abord  et  ensuite  a  Constantinople. 

Le  premier  grand  tunnel  a  percer  les  Alpes  fut  le  Mont  Cenis, 
long  de  12.2  kil.  On  l'a  commence  en  1857  et  il  a  fallu  treize 
ans  pour  le  construire.  En  1905  on  a  mene  a  fin  le  celebre 
Simplon,  tunnel  d'une  longueur  de  19.8  km  (combien  cela  fait-il 
de  milles  anglais?)  qu'on  a  seulement  acheve  apres  sept  ans  de 
travail.  Ce  tunnel  donne  la  route  la  plus  directe  entre  Paris  et 
l'ltalie. 

Le  P.  L.  M.  (Paris-Lyon-Mediterranee  est  tres  important  a 
cause  des  grandes  villes  commergantes,  Lyon  et  Marseille,  qu'il 
reunit.  La  valeur  de  Marseille  comme  centre  d'embarquement  a 
ete  augmentee  par  l'inauguration  en  1869  du  canal  de  Suez,  con- 
struit  par  l'ingenieur  frangais  Ferd.  de  Lesseps.  La  grande  route 
d'Espagne  est  celle  d'Orleans-Bordeaux-Bayonne. 

Questions 

1.  Quel  est  le  trait  le  plus  caracteristique  du  systeme  des 
chemins  de  fer?  2.  Decrire  la  route  parcourue  par  l'Express 
d'Orient.  3.  Quelle  est  la  largeur  du  tunnel  du  Mont  Cenis  en 
milles  anglais?  4.  En  quelle  annee  l'a-t-on  acheve?  5.  Quel 
grand  evenement  dans  l'histoire  de  la  France  s'accomplit-il  dans 
cette  meme  annee?  6.  Quelle  est  la  route  la  plus  directe  entre 
Paris  et  l'ltalie?  7.  Depuis  quand  cette  route  existe-t-elle?  8. 
Par  qui  le  canal  de  Suez  fut-il  construit  et  en  quelle  annee? 

Composition 

Eight  important  railways  lead  from  Paris  to  all  parts  of  the 
country.  One  of  the  branches  of  the  Northern  railway,  which 
leads  to  Calais,  has  the  fastest  express  trains  in  the  world;  the 
other  branch  is  again  divided,  becoming  the  main  route  to  Bel- 
gium and  North  Germany.  To  get  to  South  Germany  one  can 
go  via  Strassburg  or  the  Swiss  city  of  Basle.  The  length  of  the 
first  great  tunnel  in  the  Alps  is  almost  eight  English  miles;  it 
was  completed  during  the  Franco-Prussian  war.  A  new  tunnel 
in  Switzerland,  the  famous  Simplon,  furnishes  a  more  direct  route 
from  Paris  to  Italy.  The  most  important  railway  in  France  is 
the  P.  L.  M.,  which  goes  via  Dijon  and  the  valley  of  the  Rhone 
and  leads  first  to  Marseilles  and  then  on  to  Italy. 

33 


EXERCISE  15 


Rlderne/o 
Guernsey  * 


Economic  Map 

(Shaded  Area  =  Wine) 

Notice  first  the  three  "Channel  Islands,"  Jersey,  Guernsey 
and  Alderney,  each  of  which  is  world-famous  for  a  breed  of 
dairy  cattle;  these  islands  have  belonged  for  centuries  to  Eng- 
land, but  geographically  they  belong  to  France  and  the  people 
speak  French.  Nearby  in  Normandy  is  a  section  called  Perche, 
where  the  well-known  Percheron  breed  of  dapple  gray  draft 
horses  originated. 

The  well-known  French  china  tableware  now  extensively 
used  throughout  the  world  is  manufactured  at  Limoges,  which 
was  also  for  centuries  the  center  of  the  art  of  enamel  painting. 
The  old  Roman  city  Besangon  is  known  for  its  watches  and 
jewelry.  The  abundance  of  flowers  on  the  "Azure  Coast"  of 
Provence  has  given  rise  to  an  extensive  industry  there  in  the 
extraction  of  perfumes.  The  olive  oil  of  that  section  has  made 
Marseilles  the  centre  of  soap  manufacture. 

34 


La  France  produit  plus  de  vin  que  tout  autre  pays;  c'est  aussi 
le  pays  le  plus  important  pour  l'exportation  du  vin.  Depuis  des 
siecles  on  a  exporte  en  Angleterre  et  en  d'autres  pays  du  Nord 
les  vins  du  bassin  de  la  Garonne  designes  sous  le  nom  de  "vins 
de  Bordeaux".  Les  vins  les  plus  estimes  sont  ceux  du  Medoc, 
pays  le  long  de  la  Gironde.  Aux  environs  de  Reims  se  cultive  le 
raisin  dont  on  fait  le  champagne,  vin  mousseux.  Au  sud  viennent 
les  vignes  de  prix  de  la  Bourgogne;  la  Cote  d'Or  doit  son  nom 
aux  riches  vignobles  dont  se  couvrent  ses  collines. 

II  y  a  en  France  beaucoup  d'endroits  ou  se  trouve  de  la 
houille,  mais  les  deux  principaux  gisements  houillers  sont  ceux 
de  l'extreme  nord,  extension  des  houilleres  beiges,  et  le  bassin 
houiller  de  St.  Etienne  pres  Lyon. 

La  ganterie  se  poursuit  dans  tous  les  villages  a  dix  lieues  a  la 
ronde  de  Grenoble.  Les  dentelles  de  Valenciennes,  de  Chantilly 
et  de  Cluny  sont  bien  connues  de  tous.  La  plus  importante  in- 
dustrie  manufacturiere  de  la  France  est  celle  des  tissus;  a  l'ex- 
ception  de  la  fabrication  de  la  soie  a  Lyon  et  dans  la  vallee  du 
Rhone,  les  industries  textiles  sont  restreintes  pour  la  plupart  au 
Nord.  Dans  cette  region  aussi  c'est  une  industrie  bien  ancienne. 
Les  principales  villes  pour  les  tissus  sont  Lille  et  Roubaix.  Le 
"gingham"  des  Anglais  doit  son  nom  a  la  ville  de  Guingamp  en 
Bretagne  et  "cambric"  doit  le  sien  a  Cambrai. 

Questions 

1.  En  quel  pays  surtout  est-ce  qu'on  exporte  les  vins  de  Bor- 
deaux? 2.  A  quoi  les  collines  de  la  Cote  d  Or  doivent-elles  leur 
nom?  3.  Y  a-t-il  beaucoup  d'endroits  en  France  ou  on  trouve 
de  la  houille?  4.  Ou  sont  les  deux  gisements  les  plus  impor- 
tants?  5.  De  quelle  partie  de  la  France  viennent  les  celebres 
gants  de  peau  frangais?  6.  Quelle  est  la  principale  industrie  de 
la  France?  7.  A  quelle  partie  de  la  France  l'industrie  textile 
est-elle  principalement  restreinte? 

Composition 

France  exports  a  great  deal  of  wine;  the  grape  flourishes  in 
many  places  in  France,  but  the  vineyards  of  Medoc  near  Bor- 
deaux produce  the  finest  wines.  The  exporting  of  wine  to  the 
countries  of  the  north  has  long  been  one  of  the  most  important, 
industries  of  Bordeaux.  The  old  province  Burgundy  is  well 
known  for  its  excellent  wines.  In  the  middle  ages  the  textile 
industry  of  the  north  of  France  was  already  important;  and  to- 
day we  find  this  industry  restricted  mostly  to  the  north.  All  the 
villages  about  Grenoble  in  the  Alps  produce  the  famous  French 
kid  gloves,  which  are  so  well  known  to  the  Americans.  The- 
manufacturing  industries  are  situated  mostly  in  the  north  be- 
cause of  the  great  coal  mines  which  are  found  in  that  region. 

35 


EXERCISE  16 


The  University  Cities  and  Educational  Districts 

(Draw  boundary  lines  as  numbered  on  tlie  map.) 
The  present  system  of  public  instruction  goes  back,  as  do  so 
many  other  things  in  France,  to  the  Revolution.  The  old 
universities  were  then  abolished  and  a  new  system,  based  not 
•on  tradition,  but  on  reason,  was  adopted.  There  are  sixteen 
educational  districts,  called  academies  (do  not  confuse  these 
with  the  academies  of  the  Institut  de  France).  At  the  head  of 
each  is  a  rector  and  a  council  who  superintend  all  educational 
activities  of  the  district.  Instead  of  a  four  year  high  school, 
France  has  a  seven  year  course  of  secondary  instruction.  Pupils 
taking  this  course  leave  the  primary  school  at  the  age  of  eleven. 
The  schools  giving  this  seven  year  course  are  called  lycees  if 
supported  by  the  state  and  colleges  municipaux  if  supported  by 
the  municipalities.  Both  of  these  schools  grant  the  degree 
A;  B.  (artium  baccalaureus)  at  the  end  of  the  seven  year  course; 
the  graduates  average  thus  eighteen  years  of  age.  They  are 
now  ready  for  university  work. 


L'education  superieure  est  confiee  aux  cinq  facultes  de  theo- 
logie,  de  droit,  de  medecine,  des  sciences,  et  des  lettres. 
Dans  chaque  district  la  ville  ou  se  trouve  une  universite  est 
indiquee  sur  la  carte.  A  l'exception  de  Chambery  qui  ne  donne 
que  des  cours  preparatoires,  toutes  ces  universites  ont  des 
facultes  de  sciences  et  de  lettres  et  douze  ont  des  facultes  de 
droit.  Chose  frappante,  il  n'y  a  que  trois  facultes  de  medecine: 
Paris,  Montpellier  et  Nancy,  mais  ces  facultes  sont  aidees  par  23 
ecoles  preparatoires  de  medecine  et  de  pharmacie.  Au  moyen 
age  Montpellier  se  vantait  d'avoir  la  principale  faculte  de  mede- 
cine de  l'Europe.     II  n'y  a  que  deux  facultes  de  theologie. 

Les  facultes  donnent  trois  titres  universitaires,  c.  a.  d.  celui  de 
licencie  qui  donne  la  faculte  d'enseigner,  de  plaider,  etc.,  celui 
d'agrege  qui  admet  a  professer  dans  un  lycee,  une  faculte,  et  celui 
de  docteur  de  l'universite.  II  y  a  aussi  bon  nombre  de  facultes 
particulieres,  specialement  les  facultes  de  theologie,  et  il  y  a 
surtout  beaucoup  d'ecoles  speciales,  comme  par  exemple  des 
ecoles  normales,  polytechniques,  etc.  L'ensemble  des  facultes 
de  l'Universite  de  Paris  s'appelle  la  "Sorbonne".  Une  faculte  en 
dehors  de  celle  de  l'Universite  est  celle  du  grand  "College  de 
France",  etabli  vers  1530.  L'Institut  de  France  avec  ses  cinq 
academies  honoraires  joue  un  role  important  dans  la  vie  de  la 
France.  Les  membres  d'une  de  ces  academies,  "l'Academie 
Franchise"  s'appellent  "les  40  Immortels". 

Questions 

1.  De  combien  de  facultes  une  universite  franchise  se  com- 
pose-t-elle?  2.  Est-ce  que  toutes  les  universites  ont  toutes  les 
cinq  facultes?  3.  Quelles  faci»ltes  est-ce  que  toutes  les  quinze 
universites  possedent?  4.  Quelle  chose  frappante  avez-vous 
remarquee  a  l'egard  des  facultes  de  medecine?  5.  Quel  droit  le 
titre  de  licencie  donne-t-il?  6.  Qu'est-ce  que  c'est  cue  la  Sor- 
bonne? 7.  Quelle  age  a  le  College  de  France?  8.  Que  signifie 
la  phrase:  "les  quarante  Immortels"? 

Composition 
A  French  university  consists  of  five  faculties,  but  not  all  of 
the  universities  have  all  of  these  faculties.  There  are  more  facul- 
ties of  letters  than  of  law.  and  there  are  only  three  medical 
faculties.  Montpellier  in  the  south  of  France  had  the  most  cele- 
brated medical  school  in  Europe  in  the  middle  ages.  Of  the 
three  degrees  given  by  the  universities,  that  of  licentiate  is  the 
first,  but  it  does  not  entitle  one  to  be  a  professor.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Paris  is  often  called  the  Sorbonne.  The  College  of 
France,  also  in  Paris,  is  verv  important.  The  French  Institute 
is  composed  of  five  academies,  of  which  the  most  celebrated  is 
the  French  Academy.  Its  members  are  known  as  the  "Immor- 
tals". 

37 


EXERCISE  17 


The  Departments 
(The  26  Not  Named  After  Rivers.) 

At  the  time  of  the  French  Revolution  (1790)  the  old  pro- 
vinces were  abolished  and  France  was  divided  into  87  adminis- 
trative "departments."  These  departments  are  of  great  uni- 
formity in  size  and  importance.  Sixty-one  out  of  the  87  are 
named  after  rivers;  of  the  remainder  one-half  (those  underlined 
on  the  map)  are  named  after  mountains.  Notice  how  these  26 
departments  are  grouped  about  the  boundary  line. 

On  the  central  plateau  there  are  three  adjoining  departments, 
Cantal,  Lozere  and  Puy-de-D6me,  named  after  famous  moun- 
tains. Landes  means  in  French  sandy,  marshy  plains  and  the 
department  takes  its  name  from  them;  these  infertile  and  thinly 
populated  lands  are  now  largely  afforested.  Finistere  in  Brit- 
tany is  from  the  Latin  "finis  terrae"  and  means  "land's  end." 

38 


L'ile  de  Corse,  celebre  comme  lieu  de  naissance  de  Napoleon, 
constitue  un  departement.  Cette  ile  fut  cedee  a  la  France  en 
1768,  mais  ses  habitants  parlent  encore  un  patois  italien.  Vaucluse 
dans  la  vallee  du  Rhone,  doit  son  nom  a  la  source  jaillissant  au 
village  de  Vaucluse.  Cette  source  a  ete  immortalisee  par  le  poete 
italien  Petrarque.  Les  deux  Savoies  avec  Nice,  qui  est  main- 
tenant  dans  le  departement  des  Alpes-Maritimes,  furent  cedees  a 
la  France  en  1860  comme  prix  de  son  aide  dans  l'oeuvre  de 
l'unification  de  l'ltalie.  Belfort,  dont  le  nom  est  derive  de  la  ville, 
s'appelle  un  territoire;  c'est  tout  ce  qui  reste  de  l'ancien  departe- 
ment du  Haut-Rhin. 

Le  Pas-de-Calais  doit  son  nom  au  detroit  qui  unit  la  Manche 
a  la  Mer  du  Nord.  Calvados  prend  son  nom  d'une  chaine  de 
rochers  de  la  cote  de  la  Normandie,  et  le  nom  de  ces  rochers 
vient  de  celui  d'un  navire  de  l'invincible  Armada  qui  y  fit  nau- 
frage  en  1588.  La  Manche  avec  sa  peninsule  qui  s'avance  dans  la 
mer  doit  son  nom  a  la  mer  qui  la  baigne.  Un  golfe  situe  sur  la 
cote  sud  de  la  Bretagne  donne  son  nom  au  departement  du 
Morbihan. 

Outre  la  division  en  departements  il  y  a  encore  trois  divisions 
de  la  France  en  regions  d'une  importance  toujours  croissante: 
les  16  academies  ou  districts  de  l'enseignement  public,  les  19 
districts  militaires  (il  y  a  maintenant  trois  ans  de  service  mili- 
taire  obligatoire)  et  les  26  districts  judiciaires. 

Questions 
'  1.  Quel  est  le  lieu  de  naissance  de  Napoleon?  2.  Depuis 
quand  fait-il  partie  de  la  France?  3.  Napoleon  naquit  ou  le  15 
aout  1769  ou  le  7  Janvier  1768.  Est-ce  qu'il  naquit  en  territoire 
frangais?  4.  A  quoi  le  departement  de  Vaucluse  doit-il  son 
nom?  5.  Pourquoi  Belfort  forme-t-il  seulement  un  territoire  et 
non  pas  tout  un  departement?  7.  Expliquer  l'origine  du  nom 
de  Calvados.  8.  Quelles  autres  divisions  politiques  y  a-t-il 
outre  la  division  en  departements? 

Composition 

The  island  of  Corsica,  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon,  was  a  part 
of  Italy  a  few  years  before  the  emperor's  birth.  The  great 
Italian  poet  has  immortalized  the  spring  that  has  given  its  name 
to  one  of  the  departments.  The  territory  of  Belfort  is  all  that 
remains  to  France  of  the  former  department  of  the  Upper  Rhine. 
After  the  unification  of  Italy  France  received,  as  a  reward  for 
her  aid  against  Austria,  the  department  of  the  Maritime  Alps. 
In  the  16th  century  a  Spanish  vessel  was  wrecked  on  the  coast 
of  Normandy,  and  this  vessel's  name  was  first  given  to  the  rocks 
and  afterwards  to  the  department  where  they  are  found.  It  is 
only  twenty-one  miles  from  Calais  to  Dover,  and  we  can  com- 
prehend why  one  of  the  departments  is  called  Pas  de  Calais. 

39 


EXERCISE  18 


The   Departments 
(The  61  Named  After  Rivers.) 

This  map  is  too  complicated  to  be  copied  and  learned  by  the 
student.  A  careful  study  of  its  principal  features,  however, 
will  be  found  worth  while;  learning  the  departments  means 
learning  a  good  part  of  French  geography.  Counting  such 
doublets  as  "Saone-et-Loire"  as  belonging  to  the  Loire  system, 
we  find  that  the  Loire  and  its  tributaries  have  given  their  names 
to  19  departments;  notice  that  Loire,  Loir  and  Loiret  are  three 
different  rivers;  the  root  Loir  appears  in  the  names  of  nine 
departments. 

There  are  twelve  doublets  such  as  Lot-et-Garonne,  where 
the  department  includes  both  rivers.  The  Seine  system  gives 
names  to  11  departments,  four  of  which  include  the  word  Seine. 
The  department  Seine  is  practically  the  city  of  Paris  and  is 
completely  surrounded  by  Seine-et-Oise.  The  Garonne  system 
gives  names  to  11  departments  and  the  Rhone  to  nine. 

40 


Le  systeme  politique  de  la  France  est  relativement  simple  et 
uniforme.  Les  87  departements  sont  repartis  en  362  arrondisse- 
ments,  ceux-ci  en  2911  cantons,  lesquels  a  leur  tour  se  composent 
de  36,222  communes.  La  France  possede  un  gouvernement 
republicain  depuis  la  desastreuse  guerre  franco-allemande  de 
1870-71  qui  amena  la  chute  de  Napoleon  III. 

Chaque  arrondissement  elit  au  moins  un  depute  a  la  Chambre 
des  deputes.  L'election  au  Senat  est  plus  compliquee.  Le  presi- 
dent de  la  Republique  est  elu  par  les  deux  chambres  reunies.  II 
possede  des  pouvoirs  tres  considerables  vu  qu'il  nomme  un 
prefet  ou  gouverneur  pour  chaque  departement,  et  un  sous- 
prefet  pour  chaque  arrondissement.  Le  president  est  assiste  dans 
l'administration  par  un  ministere  responsable — c.  a.  d.  pour  le  cas 
ou  Taction  du  ministere  n'est  pas  approuvee  par  la  Chambre  des 
deputes,  il  faut  que  le  ministere  donne  sa  demission  et  que  le 
president  nomme  un  nouveau  ministere  qui  se  fasse  agreer  par 
la  Chambre. 

La  republique,  qui  aura  bientot  dure  un  demi-siecle,  s'appelle 
"la  troisieme  republique";  la  premiere  etait  celle  de  la  Revolu- 
tion; la  deuxieme  fut  formee  apres  la  revolution  de  1848  et  apres 
une  existence  de  quatre  ans  fit  place  au  second  Empire  sous 
Napoleon  III.  La  lutte  contre  les  partis  clerico-monarchiques  a 
ete  bien  des  fois  acharnee.  Mais  depuis  plus  d'une  dizaine 
d'annees  les  partis  a  tendances  liberales,  republicaines  et 
socialistes  ont  eu  sans  dispute  le  dessus. 

Questions 

1.  Depuis  combien  d'annees  la  France  existe-t-elle  comme 
republique?  2.  Quelles  sont  les  divisions  politiques  de  la 
France?  3.  Quelle  fut  la  cause  de  la  chute  de  Napoleon  III? 
4.  De  combien  de  membres  la  Chambre  des  deputes  est-elle 
composee?  5.  Comment  sait-on  cela?  6.  Par  qui  le  President 
de  la  France  est-il  elu?  7.  A  quels  egards  les  pouvoirs  du 
president  sont-ils  importants?  8.  Qu'est  ce  que  c'est  qu'un 
ministere  responsable?  9.  Quels  partis  ont  le  dessus  mainte- 
nant  en  France? 

Composition 

The  system  of  departments  France  has  had  since  the  Revolu- 
tion, but  the  republic  of  France  has  existed  only  since  the  fall  of 
Napoleon  III.  The  chamber  of  deputies  is  composed  of  597 
members,  at  least  one  for  each  department.  The  senate  has  300 
members.  The  two  chambers  together  elect  the  president.  The 
president  names  a  prefect  for  each  department.  France  has  in 
one  important  respect  the  same  political  system  as  England,  that 
is,  it  has  a  responsible  ministry;  the  ministry  resigns  when  its 
actions  are  not  approved  by  the  chamber  of  deputies.  The  third 
republic  was  formed  in  1871  after  the  Franco-Prussian  war.  It 
has  existed  now  almost  half  a  century.  After  hard  struggles  the 
liberal  parties  now  have  the  upper  hand  in  France. 

41 


EXERCISE  19 


C0L0NIA.O 
■  ■•■"(  Cologne) 

AUGUSTA 
TREVERORUM 

Q 

(Treves) 


NARBO  MARTIUS  I        (Marseille) 

V±0»™)\   -Roman  Roads 

Roman  France 

For  four  hundred  years  France  was  a  prominent  part  of  the 
great  Roman  Empire;  it  then  had  its  large  beautiful  cities  with 
fountains  and  public  baths  provided  with  water  brought  by 
wonderful  aqueducts;  there  were  gladiatorial  contests  in  great 
stone  arenas  like  the  colosseum,  there  were  classical  plays  in 
splendid  amphitheaters.  The  ruin  of  all  this  was  brought  about 
by  the  inner  decay  of  Roman  life  and  the  invasions  of  the 
"German  barbarians." 

Even  before  the  subjugation  of  the  Gauls  by  Caesar  (58-51 
B.  C.)  the  Mediterranean  shore  of  France  had  been  invaded; 
Massilia,  the  Greek  colony,  was  founded  as  early  as  600  B.  C., 
and  shortly  afterwards  the  Greeks  founded  Lugudunum,  the 
present  Lyons.  Near  Marseilles  the  Romans  built  Aquae  Sex- 
tiae  (Aix  in  Provence)  in  122  B.  C.  and  Narbo  Martius  (Nar- 
bonne)  shortly  afterwards.  Here  in  the  lower  Rhone  valley  are 
preserved  to-day  the  finest  Roman  ruins  in  France. 

42 


Les  Romains  comprenaient  sous  le  nom  Gallia  le  territoire 
entre  le  Rhin  et  les  Pyrenees, — ceci  se  divisa  en  six  provinces: 
Germania  inferieure  qui  avait  pour  capitale  Cologne;  Germania 
superieure,  capitale  Argentoratum  (Strasbourg);  Belgica, capitale 
Treves;  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  capitale  Lyon;  Aquitania,  capitale 
Bordeaux;  Gallia  Narbonensis,  capitale  Narbonne. 

Sous  Auguste,  la  capitale  de  la  Gaule  etait  Lyon,  d'ou 
rayonnaient  quatre  grands  chemins.  Pendant  les  trois  premiers 
siecles  Lyon  restait  le  siege  principal  de  la  civilisation  romaine 
en  France.  Plus  tard,  cependant,  Treves  sur  la  Moselle,  ville 
principale  du  Nord,  la  "Rome  d'au  dela  des  Alpes",  fut  le  sejour 
favori  de  l'empereur  Constantin:  elle  possede  encore  aujourd'hui 
les  plus  belles  ruines  romaines  de  l'Europe  du  Nord. 

Les  plus  vastes  ruines  romaines  en  France  se  trouvent  dans 
la  vallee  du  Rhone  inferieur.  A  Vienne  on  voit  le  temple 
d'Auguste  et  d'Olivia;  a  Orange,  le  colossal  theatre  romain;  a 
Nimes  et  a  Aries  il  y  a  de  grands  arenes  qui  ressemblent  au 
grand  Colisee  de  Rome  et  pres  de  Nimes  le  magnifique  aqueduc 
a  deux  etages,  bien  connu  sous  le  nom  du  Pont  du  Gard. 

Paris  (Lutetia  Parisiorum)  n'etait  pas  a  cette  epoque  aussi 
important  que  Durocortorum,  le  Reims  d'aujourd'hui,  d'ou 
rayonnaient  les  chemins  d'Angleterre  et  des  trois  capitales  du 
nord.  II  faut  se  rappeler  que  la  France  fut  christianisee  dans  la 
deuxieme  moitie  du  3e  siecle,  longtemps  avant  l'Angleterre  et 
l'Allemagne. 

Questions 

1.  Que  comprenaient  les  Romains  sous  le  nom  de  Gallia? 
2.  En  combien  de  provinces  la  France  etait-elle  divisee?  3. 
Quelle  etait  la  nlus  importante  ville  de  la  Gaule  a  l'epoque 
d'Auguste?  4.  Donner  une  cause  de  cette  importance.  5. 
Pendant  combien  de  temps  Lyon  restait-elle  la  ville  principale? 
6.  Quel  etait  le  sejour  favori  de  Constantin?  7.  Ou  est-ce  que 
nous  trouvons  les  plus  grandes  ruines  romaines  en  France?  8. 
Qu'est  ce  que  c'est  que  le  pont  du  Gard? 

Composition 

Under  the  Romans  Gaul  was  divided  into  six  provinces.  At 
the  time  of  Augustus,  Lyons  was  the  most  important  citv  in 
Gaul.  To-day  there  are  not  many  Roman  ruins  in  Lyons.  Dur- 
ing the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries  Treves,  the  capital  of  the 
province  of  Belgica.  was  called  the  "Rome  beyond  the  Alps"; 
beautiful  ruins  of  this  epoch  are  still  to  be  found  there.  The 
lower  Rhone  valley  also  possesses  magnificent  ruins.  There  are 
several  large  ruins  at  and  near  Nimes.  The  aqueduct  Pont  du 
Gard  owes  its  name  to  the  Gard,  an  affluent  of  the  Rhone.  From 
Reims  several  great  roads  radiated,  and  this  fact  made  the  city 
of  greater  importance  at  this  time  than  Paris.  England  and 
Germany  were  christianized  long  after  France. 

43 


EXERCISE  20 


An  Ideal  Summer  Trip  Through  France 

Any  trip  through  beautiful  France  would  make  an  ideal 
summer,  but  this  trip  of  three  months  is  adapted  to  the  average 
college  vacation  and  to  the  needs  of  the  student.  He  lands  in 
Marseilles  June  12th  and  spends  eighteen  spring  days  amid  the 
beauties  of  Southern  France  and  the  Auvergne;  he  then  enters 
the  famous  summer  school  at  the  University  of  Grenoble  for  a 
month's  study.  At  the  end  of  this  course  the  student  can  speak 
French  with  more  confidence  and  begins  August  1st  a  two  weeks' 
trip  through  the  chateau  country  and  Brittany  and  ends  his 
summer  trip  with  almost  a  month  in  Paris  and  its  environs, 
sailing  then  from  Havre  September  12th. 

The  railway  fare  for  a  combination  ticket  covering  the  route 
shown  (2,420  miles)  is  about  $22.00  third  class  and  $32.00  second 
class.  The  inns  of  the  provinces  deserve  their  fame;  you  are 
really  the  guest  of  mine  host;  his  table  is  spotless  and  his  prices 
most  reasonable.  What  do  we  say  in  English?  How  appro- 
priate— Bon  Voyage! 

44 


C'est  pour  bien  des  raisons  qu'on  remet  sa  visite  de  Paris 
a  la  fin  de  ce  voyage  ideal;  d'abord,  un  sejour  de  deux  mois  dans 
les  provinces  preparera  le  voyageur  a  mieux  comprendre  les 
complexites  de  la  grande  ville  et,  de  plus,  la  facilite  qu'il  aura 
acquise  a  s'exprimer  l'aidera  a  tirer  plus  de  profit  de  son  sejour 
dans  la  capitale.  Notre  tournee  presente  une  succession  d'in- 
terets  bien  varies  au  point  de  vue  de  divertissements,  d'histoire  et 
d'education. 

Apres  un  coup  d'oeil  donne  aux  gaites  de  Nice  et  de  Monte 
Carlo,  nous  subissons  le  charme  puissant  des  villes  historiques 
du  Rhone  inferieur.  La  visite  des  grandes  villes  de  commerce, 
Toulouse  et  Bordeaux,  est  suivie  d'une  excursion  aux  rendez- 
vous du  beau  monde  dans  les  montagnes  et  a  la  plage. 

L'ecole  d'ete  de  l'universite  de  Grenoble  est  une  des  plus 
frequentees  de  l'Europe.  Le  comite  de  patronage  qui  se  charge 
des  interets  speciaux  des  etrangers  y  met  cette  bonne  grace  et  ce 
tact  fin  particuliers  aux  Frangais.  Samedi  est  un  jour  de  conge 
pour  lequel  le  comite  organise  des  excursions  charmantes. 

Apres  ce  mois  d'etudes  le  voyageur  tient  a  sa  disposition  deux 
semaines  pour  les  chateaux  de  la  Loire  et  pour  la  pittoresque 
Bretagne.  II  lui  reste  encore  a  peu  pres  un  mois  pour  les 
musees,  les  theatres,  les  eglises  et  les  boulevards  de  Paris,  "la 
ville  lumiere".  Et  quand  il  s'embarque  au  Havre,  notre  voyageur 
aura  appris  a  bien  connaitre  et  a  aimer  "la  belle  France". 

Questions 

1.  Pourquoi  remettons-nous  la  visite  de  Paris  jusqu'a  la  fin 
du  voyage?  2.  Quelles  villes  visitons-nous  d'abord?  3. 
Quelles  sont  les  villes  historiques  du  Rhone  inferieur?  4.  A 
quelle  ville  d'eaux  basque  rendons-nous  visite?  5.  L'ecole  d'ete 
de  Grenoble  est-elle  grande?  6.  Qu'est  ce  qu'on  fait  le  samedi? 
7.  Est  ce  qu'on  fait  bon  accueil  aux  etrangers  a  Grenoble?  8. 
Combien  de  temps  nous  reste-t-il  pour  Paris  apres  le  voyage  eri 
Bretagne?     9.     Auriez  vous  envie  de  faire  ce  voyage  un  jour? 

Composition 

In  this  ideal  trip  we  postpone  the  visit  to  Paris  to  the  end. 
After  two  months  in  the  provinces  the  traveler  is  better  pre- 
pared to  understand  the  life  of  the  capital.  We  visit  first  the 
cities  of  Nice  and  Monte  Carlo.  From  the  point  of  view  of  his- 
tory the  old  cities  of  the  lower  Rhone  are  very  interesting.  We 
now  pay  a  visit  to  the  romantic  city  of  Carcassone  and  the  com- 
mercial cities  of  Toulouse  and  Bordeaux.  Pau  and  Biarritz  are 
meeting-places  of  the  fashionable  world  of  Europe.  Our  trav- 
eler now  has  at  his  disposal  a  whole  month  for  the  studies  and 
the  excursions  of  the  summer  school  of  Grenoble,  where  a  spe- 
cial committee  welcomes  the  stranger  and  cares  for  his  interests. 
After  a  visit  to  Brittany  and  a  month  in  Paris  he  embarks  at 
Havre. 

45 


GLOSSARY 


abbaye,  abbey 
d'abord,  at  first 
accueil,  faire,  to  welcome 
acharne,  desperate,  intense 
achever,  to  complete,  finish 
acquerir,  to  acquire 
aerostat,  air-balloon 
ainsi  dit,  so-called 
agreer,  see  faire 
allemand,   German 
amener,  to  bring  about 
appartenir,  to  belong 
s'appeler,  to  be  called 
apprendre,  to  learn 
arroser,  to  water 
assez,  pretty,  rather 
attirer,  to  attract 
autant  de,  as  many 
auteur,  author 
autour,  about,  around 
autrefois,  formerly 
s'avancer,  to  project 
batir,  to  build 
betail,  domestic  animals 
bibliotheque,  library 
bien-etre,  well-being 
bienfaiteur,  benefactor 
biens,  goods,  wealth 
bientot,  soon,  shortly 
se  bifurquer,  to  branch 
ble,  wheat 
bois,  wood,  forest 
boise,  wooded 
bruler,  to  burn 
bficher,  sur  le,  at  the  stake 
campagne,  country 
caporal,  corporal 
cependant,  however 
chaleur,  warmth,  heat 
se  charger,  to  take  charge 
chef-d'oeuvre  (she-deuvr), 

masterpiece 
chemin  de  fer,  railway 
chiffre,  figure 
chute,  fall 
col,  m.,  pass 
colline,  hill 
compare,  comparative 
comporter,  to  allow,  have 
comprendre,  include 


compter  (moins  de),  to  show 

confier,  to  confide 

conge,  jour  de,  holiday 

connaitre,  to  know 

conquete,  conquest 

cote,  f.,  coast 

cote,  m.,  side 

cotier,  coastal 

couler,  to  flow 

coup  d'ceil,  glance 

couronner,  to  crown 

coutume,  custom 

croisade,   crusade 

croitre,  to  grow 

curviligne,  curvilineal 

decouverte,  discovery 

decrire,  to  describe 

defricher,  to  reclaim 

dehors,  outside 

au  dela,  beyond 

delicieux,  delightful 

demeurer,  to  live 

demission,  resignation 

dentelle,  lace 

depuis,  since 

des,  since  (prep.) 

dessus,  upperhand 

detroit,  strait 

detruire,  to  destroy 

devenir,  to  become 

devoir,  to  owe 

direct,  regular  (of  train) 

dinger,  to  direct,  guide 

divertissement,  amusement 

dizaine,  decade 

douceur,  mildness 

se  dresser,  to  rise 

droit,  adj.  right;  n.  right, 

privilege,  law 
durer,  to  last 
ecrivain,  writer,  author 
edit,  edict 
egal,  equal 

egalement,  also,  equally 
egard,  regard,  respect 
eglise,  church 
elevage,  breeding 
eleve,  pupil 
s'elever,  to  rise 
elire,  to  elect 


46 


eloigne,  distant 

embouchure,  mouth 

emouvant,  moving,  stirring 

l'emporter  sur,  to  surpass 

emprunter,  to  borrow 

endroit,  place 

enseignement,  instruction 

ensuite,  afterwards,  then 

enterrer,  to  inter,  bury 

envie,  avoir — de,  to  like  to 

environ,  about 

equivaloir,  to  be  equivalent 

espece,  sort  (of),  as  it  were 

est,  east 

estuaire,  estuary 

etage,  story 

s'etendre,  to  extend 

etendue,  extent,  size 

etoffe,  cloth 

etrange,  strange 

etranger,  foreigner 

etroit,  narrow 

etudiant,  student 

eveiller,  to  waken 

evenement,  event 

exiger,  to,  require,  demand 

expliquer,  to  explain 

s'exprimer,  to  express  one's 
self 

se  faire  (agreer),  to  be  ac- 
ceptable 

fait,  fact 

falloir,  to  need,  to  take 

feodal,  feudal 

ferme,  farm 

fin,  f.,  end;  adj.,  fine 

fondateur,  founder 

fraicheur,  coolness 

frappant,  striking 

ganterie,  glove-making 

gisement,  layer,  bed 

gras,  heavy  (of  a  line) 

grecque,  Greek 

heurter,  to  strike  against 

hotel  de  ville,  city  hall 

houiller,  coal 

ile,  island 

Hot,  island 

imaginer,  conceive,  contrive 

imprimer,  to  print 

jadis,  formerly 


jaillissant,  gushing 

jet  d'eau,  fountain 

se  Jeter,  to  empty 

jeunesse,  youth 

jouer,  to  play 

jouir,  to  enjoy 

largeur,  width 

licencie,  licentiate 

Her,  to  connect,  bind 

lieu,  place 

lieue,  f.,  league  {2l/2  miles) 

limite,  boundary,  frontier 

limitrophe,  bordering 

littoral,  shore 

lumiere,  light 

lutte,  struggle 

mille,  mile 

ministere,  ministry 

moeurs,  manners 

moins,  less 

moitie,  half 

magasin,  shop,  store 

mai's,  corn,  maize 

malgre,  in  spite  of 

Manche,  English  Channel 

marquant,  striking 

meler,  to  mingle 

meme,  adj.  same;  adv.  even 

menage,  household 

mener,  to  lead 

mener  a  fin,  to  complete 

meridional,  southern 

merveille,  marvel 

metier  a  tisser,  loom 

mousseux,  sparkling 

moyen,  mean,  average 

moyen  age,  middle  ages 

naissance,  birth 

naitre,  to  be  born 

naufrage,  faire,  to  be  wrecked 

navire,  vessel 

niveau,  level,  plain 

nourriture,  food 

oeuvre,  work 

en  outre,  furthermore 

ouvrage,  work,  book 

parcourir,  to  travel  over 

parmi,  among 

parti,  m.,  party  (political) 

particulier,  private,  peculiar 

partir,  pour  aller,  to  lead 


47 


partout,  everywhere 

passer  par,  to  go  through 

patois,  dialect 

peau,  leather 

peine,  valoir  la — ,  to  be  worth 

while 
pente,  slope 
perir,  to  perish 
pic,  peak 

pittoresque,  picturesque 
plage,  sea-shore 
plein,  full 
pluie,  rain 

plutot  que,  rather  than 
pluvieux,  rainy 
pousser,  to  grow 
precher,  to  preach 
prefet,  prefect 
presque,  almost 
presqu'ile,  peninsula 
primer,  to  lead,  excel 
produire,  to  produce 
professer,   to   teach,   to   be   a 

professor 
propre,  own 
prix,  de,  of  great  value 
puissant,  great,  potent 
raisin,  m.,  grapes 
raison,  f.,  reason 
ranger,  to  rank 
se  rappeler,  remember 
rayonner,  radiate 
recevoir,  to  receive 
rechauffe,  warm 
reconstituer,  bring  back  to 
regime,  rule 

regime  (des  eaux),  system 
regner,  to  prevail 
remettre,  to  put  off 
rempart,  rampart,  walls 
remplacer,  to  replace 
se  rencontre,  to  be  met  with 

to  be  found 
rendezvous,  place  of  resort 
renomme,  renowned,  famous 
se  repandre,  to  be  spread 
repartir,  to  divide 
retour,  return 
restant,  rest,  remainder 
restreindre,  to  restrict 
reunir,  to  unite 

48 


rive,  bank 

rocher,  rock 

rocheux,  rocky 

romancier,  novelist 

sacre,  coronation 

sacrer,  to  anoint,  crown 

samedi,  Saturday 

sec,  dry 

seigle,  rye 

sejour,  abode,  residence 

semaine,  week 

siecle,  century 

siege,  seat,  meeting-place; 
siege  (mil.) 

soie,  silk 

soieries,  silk  goods 

sol,  soil 

souffler,  to  blow 

soulever,  to  raise 

source,  spring 

source  thermale,  warm  spring 

sous-prefet,  sub-prefect 

station,  balneaire,  bathing- 
place,  watering-place 

subir,  to  undergo,  experience 

subsister,  to  exist 

suivre,  to  follow 

superficie,  area,  surface 

tandis  que,  while,  whereas 

tellement,  so,  so  much 

tenter,  to  try 

tiers,  third 

tirer,  to  draw,  to  get 

tisser,  to  weave 

titre,  title 

tombeau,  tomb 

tour,  turn 

tournee,  trip,  journey 

trait,  fact,  feature 

trajet,  journey 

se  vanter,  to  boast 

vehicule,   servir   de,   transmit 
cause 

venir,  bien,  to  thrive 

versant,  the  slopes 

vignoble,   vineyard 

villegiature,  lieu  de,  summer- 
ing-place 

vitesse,  speed 

vu  que,  seeing  that 


— — S3BS3V"""™ 

OVERDUE. 


YB  38666 


M347599 


K12IU 
K%7 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


